Methods for detecting a genetic variation in attractin-like 1 (atrnl1) gene in subject with parkinson&#39;s disease

ABSTRACT

This document provides methods and materials related to genetic variations of neurological disorders. For example, this document provides methods for using such genetic variations to assess susceptibility of developing Parkinson&#39;s disease.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/668,049, filed Nov. 2, 2012 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/743,920, filed Sep. 14, 2012, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/556,043, filed Nov. 4, 2011, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/556,077, filed Nov. 4, 2011 which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with the support of the United States government under grant number: 1R41NS65559-1A1, awarded by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. The government may have certain rights in the invention.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application includes a Sequence Listing. A compact disc labeled “COPY 1” contains the Sequence Listing file named Combined_patent_ST25.txt. The Sequence Listing is 242,343,936 KB in size and was recorded on Nov. 2, 2012. The compact disc is 1 of 3 compact discs. Duplicate copies of the compact disc are labeled “COPY 2” and “COPY 3”. Also included is a computer readable form of the Sequence Listing. The compact disc and duplicate copies are identical and are hereby incorporated by reference into the present application.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Genetic risk can be conferred by subtle differences in individual genomes within a population. Genes can differ between individuals due to genomic variability, the most frequent of which are due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs can be located, on average, every 500-1000 base pairs in the human genome. Additional genetic polymorphisms in a human genome can be caused by duplication, insertion, deletion, translocation and/or inversion, of short and/or long stretches of DNA. Thus, in general, genetic variability among individuals occurs on many scales, ranging from single nucleotide changes, to gross changes in chromosome structure and function. Recently, many copy number variations (CNVs) of DNA segments, including deletions, insertions, duplications, amplifications, and complex multi-site variants, ranging in length from kilobases to megabases in size, have been discovered (Redon, R. et al. Nature 444:444-54 (2006) and Estivill, X. & Armengol, L. PLoS Genetics 3(10): e190 (2007)). To date, known CNVs account for over 15% of the assembled human genome (Estivill, X. Armengol, L. PLoS Genetics 3(10): e190 (2007)). However, a majority of these variants are extremely rare and cover a small percentage of a human genome of any particular individual.

Parkinson's Disease (also known as Parkinson disease, Parkinson's, idiopathic parkinsonism, primary parkinsonism, PD, or paralysis agitans) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Parkinson's disease (PD) can be characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. While PD is a complex disorder of unknown etiology, it is postulated that symptom manifestation occurs after the fraction of functional dopaminergic cells falls below a threshold of twenty percent. Symptoms of PD can include tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia, akinesia, and postural instability. A hallmark of idiopathic or sporadic Parkinson's disease can be the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and a depletion of dopamine, more specifically in the basal ganglia, and is thought to result from a combination of genetic predisposition (Vaughn, J. R., et al., 2001, Ann. Hum. Genet. 65:111), and environmental factors (Shapira, A. H., 2001, Adv. Neurol. 86:155). Thus, research efforts have focused on discovering means to prevent, protect and restore the dopaminergic cell network (Latchman, D. S., et al., 2001 Rev. Neurosci. 12:69). As genetic polymorphisms conferring risk neurological diseases, including PD, are uncovered, genetic testing can play a role for clinical therapeutics.

Despite these advances towards an understanding of the etiology of neurological disorders, a large fraction of the genetic contribution to these disorders, for example, PD, remains undetermined. Identification of underlying genetic variants that can contribute to neurological disorder pathogenesis can aid in the screening and identification of individuals at risk of developing these disorders and can be useful in a diagnostic setting and for disease management. There is a need to identify new treatments for neurological diseases, such as PD, and the identification of novel genetic risk factors can assist in the development of potential therapeutics and agents. There is also a need for improved assays for predicting and determining potential treatments and their effectiveness.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In the event of a conflict between a term herein and a term incorporated by reference, the term herein controls.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure can be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is an example of a copy number gain occurring in three PD cases that disrupts the MGAT4C gene and represents an example of aCNV-subregion that overlaps a known gene, and is associated with an OR of at least 6. The CNV is a gain (log 2ratio>0.35) and affects the gene MGAT4C on chromosome 12. The calculated odds ratio (OR) for this CNV-subregion is 6.48.

FIG. 2 is an example of a copy number gain occurring in two PD cases and a copy number loss occurring in one PD case that disrupts the GADL1 gene and represents an example of a CNV wherein the OR associated with the sum of PD cases and the sum of NVE cases affecting the same gene, including distinct CNV-subregions, is at least 6. The CNVs are a mixture of gains (log 2ratio>0.35) and losses (log 2ratio<−0.35) and affect the gene GADL1 on chromosome 3. The calculated odds ratio (OR) for this CNV-subregion is 6.48.

FIG. 3 is an example of a copy number gain occurring in one PD case that disrupts the CERK gene.

FIG. 4 is an example of a copy number gain occurring in one PD case that disrupts the TACR3 gene and confers a gain of one or more genes that may influence PD biology.

FIG. 5 is an example of a copy number loss occurring in two PD cases that disrupts the GABRE gene.

FIG. 6 is an example of two non-overlapping copy number losses, each occurring in one of two PD cases, which disrupt the SEPT14 gene.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An aspect of the invention includes a method of screening one or more subjects for at least one genetic variation that disrupts or modulates one or more genes in Table 2 or 3, comprising: assaying at least one nucleic acid sample obtained from each of the one or more subjects for the at least one genetic variation in one or more genes in Table 2 or 3. In some embodiments, the at least one genetic variation is associated with a neurological disorder (ND). In some embodiments, the at least one genetic variation is one encoded by SEQID NOs 1 to 382. In some embodiments, the at least one genetic variation comprises one or more point mutations, polymorphisms, translocations, insertions, deletions, amplifications, inversions, microsatellites, interstitial deletions, copy number variations (CNVs), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one genetic variation disrupts or modulates one or more genomic sequences of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, the at least one genetic variation disrupts or modulates the expression or function of one or more RNA transcripts, one or more polypeptides, or a combination thereof, expressed from the one or more genomic sequences of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, the assaying comprises detecting nucleic acid information from the at least one nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid information is detected by one or more methods selected from the group comprising PCR, sequencing, Northern blots, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sequencing comprises one or more high-throughput sequencing methods. In some embodiments, the one or more high throughput sequencing methods comprise Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS), polony sequencing, 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina sequencing, SOLiD sequencing, ion semiconductor sequencing, DNA nanoball sequencing, heliscope single molecule sequencing, single molecule real time (SMRT) sequencing, RNAP sequencing, Nanopore DNA sequencing, sequencing by hybridization, or microfluidic Sanger sequencing. In some embodiments, the at least one nucleic acid sample is collected from blood, saliva, urine, serum, tears, skin, tissue, or hair from the one or more subjects. In some embodiments, the assaying the at least one nucleic acid sample of the one or more subjects comprises purifying nucleic acids from the at least one nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, the assaying the at least one nucleic acid sample of the one or more subjects comprises amplifying at least one nucleotide sequence in the at least one nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, the assaying the at least one nucleic acid sample for at least one genetic variation comprises a microarray analysis of the at least one nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, the microarray analysis comprises a CGH array analysis. In some embodiments, the CGH array detects the presence or absence of the at least one genetic variations. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining whether the one or more subjects has a ND, or an altered susceptibility to an ND. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects were previously diagnosed or are suspected as having the ND. In some embodiments, the diagnosic or grounds for suspicion that the subject may have ND is based on an evaluation by a medical doctor, a psychologist, a neurologist, a psychiatrist, or other professionals who screen subjects for an ND. In some embodiments, the determining comprises an evaluation of the one or more subject's motor skills, autonomic function, neurophychiatry, mood, cognition, behavior, thoughts, ablity to sense, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the evaluation comprises observation, a questionnaire, a checklist, a test, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the evaluation comprises a neurological exam, the subject's past medical histroy, an exam to test the sense of smell, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the screening the one or more subjects further comprises selecting one or more therapies based on the presence or absence of the one or more genetic variations. In some embodiments, the assaying at least one nucleic acid sample obtained from each of the one or more subjects comprises analyzing the whole genome or whole exome from the one or more subjects. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid information has already been obtained for the whole genome or whole exome from the one or more individuals and the nucleic acid information is obtained from in silico analysis. In some embodiments, the ND is Parkinson's Disease (PD). In some embodiments, the one or more subjects have at least one symptom of an ND. In some embodiments, the at least one symptom comprises unilateral onset, tremor at rest, progression in time, asymmetry of motor symptoms, response to levodopa for at least five years, clinical course of at least ten years, and appearance of dyskinesias induced by the intake of excessive levodopa, problems learning, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies, accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein in the brain in the form of Lewy bodies, dementia, neurofibrillary tangles, tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, postural instability, “pill-rolling”, Bradykinesia, difficulties planning a a movement, difficulties initiatinga a movement, difficulties executing a movement, difficulties performing sequential movements, difficulties performing simultaneous movements, difficulties uning fine motor control uniform rigidity, ratchet rigidity, joint pain, reduced the ability to move, postural instability, impaired balance, frequently falling, gait disturbances, posture disturbances, festination, speech disturbances, swallowing disturbances, voice disorders, mask-like face expression, small handwriting, executive dysfunction, planning problems, cognitive flexibility problems, abstract thinking problems, rule acquisition problems, initiating appropriate action problems, inhibiting inappropriate action problems, and problems selecting relevant sensory information, fluctuation in attention, slowed cognitive speed, reduced memory, problems recalling learned information, visuospatial difficulties, depression, apathy, anxiety, impulse control behavior problems, craving, binge eating, hypersexuality, pathological gambling, hallucinations, delusions, daytime drowsiness, disturbances in REM sleep, insomnia, orthostatic hypotension, oily skin, excessive sweating, urinary incontinence, altered sexual function, constipation, gastric dysmotility, decreased blink rate, dry eyes, deficient ocular pursuit, saccadic movements, difficulties in directing gaze upward, blurred vision, double vision, impaired sense of smell, sensation of pain, paresthesia, reduced activity of dopamine-secreting cells, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects are human. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects are more than 40 years old, more than 50 years old, more than 60 years old, or more than 70 years old.

An aspect of the invention includes a method of diagnosing one or more first subjects for an ND, comprising: assaying at least one nucleic acid sample of each of the one or more subjects for the presence or absence of at least one genetic variation in one or more genes in Table 2 or 3. In some embodiments, the at least one genetic variation is one encoded by at least one of SEQ ID NOs 1-382. In some embodiments, the one or more first subjects is diagnosed with the ND if the at least one genetic variation is present. In some embodiments, the one or more first subjects is not diagnosed with ND if the at least one genetic variation is absent. In some embodiments, the assaying comprises detecting nucleic acid information from the at least one nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid information is detected by one or more methods selected from the group comprising PCR, sequencing, Northern blots, hybridization, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sequencing comprises one or more high-throughput sequencing methods. In some embodiments, the one or more high throughput sequencing methods comprise Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS), polony sequencing, 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina sequencing, SOLiD sequencing, ion semiconductor sequencing, DNA nanoball sequencing, heliscope single molecule sequencing, single molecule real time (SMRT) sequencing, RNAP sequencing, Nanopore DNA sequencing, sequencing by hybridization, or microfluidic Sanger sequencing. In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining whether the one or more first subjects has an ND or an altered susceptibility to an ND. In some embodiments, the one or more first subjects were previously diagnosed or are suspected as having the ND based on an evaluation by a psychologist, a neurologist, a psychiatrist, a speech therapist, or other professionals who screen subjects for an ND. In some embodiments, the determining comprises an evaluation of the one or more first subject's motor skills, autonomic function, neurophychiatry, mood, cognition, behavior, thoughts, ablity to sense, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the evaluation comprises observation, a questionnaire, a checklist, a test, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the evaluation comprises a neurological exam, the subject's past medical histroy, an exam to test the sense of smell, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the determining comprises comparing the nucleic acid information of the one or more first subjects to nucleic acid information of one or more second subjects. In some embodiments, the one more second subjects comprise one or more subjects not suspected of having the ND. In some embodiments, the one or more second subjects comprise one or more subjects suspected of having the ND. In some embodiments, the one or more first subjects comprise one or more subjects with the ND. In some embodiments, the one or more second subjects comprise one or more subjects without the ND. In some embodiments, the one or more firstsubjects comprise one or more subjects who are symptomatic for the ND. In some embodiments, the one or more second subjects comprise one or more subjects who are asymptomatic for the ND. In some embodiments, the one or more first subjects comprise one or more subjects that have an increased susceptibility to the ND. In some embodiments, the one or more second subjects comprise one or more subjects that have a decreased susceptibility to the ND. In some embodiments, the one or more first subjects comprise one or more subjects receiving a treatment, therapeutic regimen, or any combination thereof for an ND. In some embodiments, determining whether the one or more subjects have the ND or an altered susceptibility to the ND comprises analyzing at least one behavioral analysis of the one or more subjects and the nucleic acid sequence information of the one or more subjects, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, wherein the at least one nucleic acid sample is collected from blood, saliva, urine, serum, tears, skin, tissue, or hair from the one or more subjects. In some embodiments, assaying comprises purifying nucleic acids from the at least one nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, assaying comprises amplifying at least one nucleotide sequence in the at least one nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, assaying comprises a microarray analysis of the at least one nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, the microarray analysis comprises a CGH array analysis. In some embodiments, the CGH array detects the presence or absence of the at least one genetic variations. In some embodiments, the at least one genetic variation comprises one or more point mutations, polymorphisms, translocations, insertions, deletions, amplifications, inversions, microsatellites, interstitial deletions, copy number variations (CNVs), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one genetic variation comprises a loss of heterozygosity. In some embodiments, the at least one genetic variation disrupts or modulates one or more genomic sequences of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, the at least one genetic variation disrupts or modulates the expression or function of one or more RNA transcripts from the one or more genomic sequences of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, the method further comprises selecting one or more therapies based on the presence or absence of the one or more genetic variations. In some embodiments, the assaying at least one nucleic acid sample obtained from each of the one or more subjects comprises analyzing the whole genome or whole exome from the one or more subjects. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid information has already been obtained for the whole genome or whole exome from the one or more individuals and the nucleic acid information is obtained from in silico analysis. In some embodiments, the ND is PD. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects has at least one symptom of an ND. In some embodiments, the at least one symptom comprises unilateral onset, tremor at rest, progression in time, asymmetry of motor symptoms, response to levodopa for at least five years, clinical course of at least ten years, and appearance of dyskinesias induced by the intake of excessive levodopa, problems learning, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies, accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein in the brain in the form of Lewy bodies, dementia, neurofibrillary tangles, tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, postural instability, “pill-rolling”, Bradykinesia, difficulties planning a a movement, difficulties initiatinga a movement, difficulties executing a movement, difficulties performing sequential movements, difficulties performing simultaneous movements, difficulties uning fine motor control uniform rigidity, ratchet rigidity, joint pain, reduced the ability to move, postural instability, impaired balance, frequently falling, gait disturbances, posture disturbances, festination, speech disturbances, swallowing disturbances, voice disorders, mask-like face expression, small handwriting, executive dysfunction, planning problems, cognitive flexibility problems, abstract thinking problems, rule acquisition problems, initiating appropriate action problems, inhibiting inappropriate action problems, and problems selecting relevant sensory information, fluctuation in attention, slowed cognitive speed, reduced memory, problems recalling learned information, visuospatial difficulties, depression, apathy, anxiety, impulse control behavior problems, craving, binge eating, hypersexuality, pathological gambling, hallucinations, delusions, daytime drowsiness, disturbances in REM sleep, insomnia, orthostatic hypotension, oily skin, excessive sweating, urinary incontinence, altered sexual function, constipation, gastric dysmotility, decreased blink rate, dry eyes, deficient ocular pursuit, saccadic movements, difficulties in directing gaze upward, blurred vision, double vision, impaired sense of smell, sensation of pain, paresthesia, reduced activity of dopamine-secreting cells, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects are human. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects is more than 40 years old, more than 50 years old, more than 60 years old, or more than 70 years old.

An aspect of the invention includes a method of screening for a therapeutic agent for treatment of an ND, comprising identifying an agent that disrupts or modulates one or more genomic sequences of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020 or one or more expression products thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more expression products comprise one or more RNA transcripts. In some embodiments, the one or more RNA transcripts comprise one or more RNA transcripts of Table 4. In some embodiments, the one or more expression products comprise one or more polypeptides. In some embodiments, the one or more polypeptides are translated from one or more RNA transcripts of Table 4. In some embodiments, disrupting or modulating the one or more genomic sequences of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020 or expression products thereof, comprises an increase in expression of the one or more expression products. In some embodiments, disrupting or modulating the one or more genomic sequences of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020 or expression products thereof, comprises a decrease in expression of the one or more expression products.

An aspect of the invention includes a method of treating a subject for an ND, comprising administering one or more agents to disrupt or modulate one or more genomic sequences of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020 or one or more expression products thereof, thereby treating the ND. In some embodiments, the one or more expression products comprise one or more RNA transcripts. In some embodiments, the one or more RNA transcripts comprise one or more RNA transcripts of Table 4. In some embodiments, the one or more expression products comprise one or more polypeptides. In some embodiments, the one or more polypeptides are translated from one or more RNA transcripts of Table 4. In some embodiments, the one or more agents are selected from the group comprising: an antibody, a drug, a combination of drugs, a compound, a combination of compounds, radiation, a genetic sequence, a combination of genetic sequences, heat, cryogenics, and a combination of two or more of any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the ND is PD. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects has at least one symptom of a ND. In some embodiments, the at least one symptom comprises unilateral onset, tremor at rest, progression in time, asymmetry of motor symptoms, response to levodopa for at least five years, clinical course of at least ten years, and appearance of dyskinesias induced by the intake of excessive levodopa, problems learning, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies, accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein in the brain in the form of Lewy bodies, dementia, neurofibrillary tangles, tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, postural instability, “pill-rolling”, Bradykinesia, difficulties planning a a movement, difficulties initiatinga a movement, difficulties executing a movement, difficulties performing sequential movements, difficulties performing simultaneous movements, difficulties uning fine motor control uniform rigidity, ratchet rigidity, joint pain, reduced the ability to move, postural instability, impaired balance, frequently falling, gait disturbances, posture disturbances, festination, speech disturbances, swallowing disturbances, voice disorders, mask-like face expression, small handwriting, executive dysfunction, planning problems, cognitive flexibility problems, abstract thinking problems, rule acquisition problems, initiating appropriate action problems, inhibiting inappropriate action problems, and problems selecting relevant sensory information, fluctuation in attention, slowed cognitive speed, reduced memory, problems recalling learned information, visuospatial difficulties, depression, apathy, anxiety, impulse control behavior problems, craving, binge eating, hypersexuality, pathological gambling, hallucinations, delusions, daytime drowsiness, disturbances in REM sleep, insomnia, orthostatic hypotension, oily skin, excessive sweating, urinary incontinence, altered sexual function, constipation, gastric dysmotility, decreased blink rate, dry eyes, deficient ocular pursuit, saccadic movements, difficulties in directing gaze upward, blurred vision, double vision, impaired sense of smell, sensation of pain, paresthesia, reduced activity of dopamine-secreting cells, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects is human. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects is more than 40 years old, more than 50 years old, more than 60 years old, or more than 70 years old.

An aspect of the invention includes a kit for screening for an ND in one or more subjects, the kit comprising reagents for assaying a nucleic acid sample from the one or more subjects for the presence of at least one genetic variation encoded by SEQID NOs 1-382.

In some embodiments, the at least one genetic variation disrupts or modulates one or more genomic sequences of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020, or one or more expression products thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more expression products comprise one or more RNA transcripts. In some embodiments, the one or more RNA transcripts comprise one or more RNA transcripts of Table 4. In some embodiments, the one or more expression products comprise one or more polypeptides. In some embodiments, the one or more polypeptides are translated from one or more RNA transcripts of Table 4. In some embodiments, the reagents comprise nucleic acid probes. In some embodiments, the reagents comprise oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the reagents comprise primers. In some embodiments, the ND is PD. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects has at least one symptom of an ND. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects is human. In some embodiments, the one or more subjects is more than 40 years old, more than 50 years old, more than 60 years old, or more than 70 years old.

An aspect of the invention includes an isolated polynucleotide sequence or fragment thereof, comprising at least 60% identity to any of polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 1020. In some embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises at least 70% identity to any of polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 1020. In some embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises at least 80% identity to any of polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 1020. In some embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises at least 90% identity to any of polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 1020.

An aspect of the invention includes an isolated polynucleotide sequence comprising at least 60% identity to a compliment of any of polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 1020. In some embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises at least 70% identity to a compliment of any of polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 1020. In some embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises at least 80% identity to a compliment of any of polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 1020. In some embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide sequence comprises at least 90% identity to a compliment of any of polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 1020. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises any of a CNV of SEQ ID NOs 1-382. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises any of a genomic sequence of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020.

In some embodiments, the sequence comprises an RNA sequence transcribed from a genomic sequence of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence comprises any of genetic variation not present in the human genome. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence fragment comprises a nucleic acid probe. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid probe is capable of hybridization to a nucleic acid of interest. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence fragment comprises a nucleic acid primer. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid primer is capable of intiation of extension or amplifying of a nucleic acid of interest.

An aspect of the invention includes an isolated polypeptide encoded by an RNA sequence transcribed from any of genomic sequence of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020.

An aspect of the invention includes a host cell comprising an expression control sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of any of polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the expression control sequence is non-native to the host cell. In some embodiments, the expression control sequence is native to the host cell.

An aspect of the invention includes a method for identifying an agent having a therapeutic benefit for treatment of an ND, comprising: a) providing cells comprising at least one genetic variation of SEQ ID NOs 1 to 382; b) contacting the cells of step a) with a test agent and c) analyzing whether the agent has a therapeutic benefit for treatment of the ND of step a), thereby identifying agents which have a therapeutic benefit for treatment of the ND. In some embodiments, the method further comprises: d) providing cells which do not comprise at least one genetic variation of SEQ ID NOs 1-382; e) contacting the cells of steps a) and d) with a test agent; and f) analyzing whether the agent has a therapeutic benefit for treatment of the ND of step a) relative to those of step b), thereby identifying agents which have a therapeutic benefit for treatment of the ND. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent has efficacy for the treatment of an ND.

An aspect of the invention includes a therapeutic agent identified by the method of any one of claims 124-126.

An aspect of the invention includes a panel of biomarkers for an ND comprising one or more genes contained in the one or more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, the panel comprises two or more genes contained in the one or more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, the panel comprises at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 genes contained in the one or more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, at least one of the polynucleotide sequences is a fragment of the one-more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, at least one of the polynucleotide sequences is a variant of the one-more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, the panel is selected for analysis of polynucleotide expression levels for an ND. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide expression levels are mRNA expression levels. In some embodiments, the panel is used in the management of patient care for an ND, wherein the management of patient care includes one or more of risk assessment, early diagnosis, prognosis establishment, patient treatment monitoring, and treatment efficacy detection. In some embodiments, the panel is used in discovery of therapeutic intervention of an ND. In some embodiments, at least one of the biomarkers is attached to substrate. In some embodiments, the substrate comprises a plastic, glass, a bead, or a plate. In some embodiments, at least one of the biomarkers is labeled with a detectable label. In some embodiments, the panel is an in silico panel.

An aspect of the invention includes a method for measuring expression levels of polynucleotide sequences from biomarkers for an ND in a subject, comprising: a) selecting a panel of biomarkers comprising two or more genes contained in one or more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020; b) isolating cellular RNA from a nucleic acid sample obtained from the subject; c) synthesizing cDNA from the cellular RNA for each biomarker in the panel using suitable primers; d) optionally amplifying the cDNA; and e) quantifying levels of the cDNA from the nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, the step of selecting a panel of biomarkers comprises at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 genes contained in one or more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, the step of quantifying the levels of cDNA further comprises labeling cDNA. In some embodiments, labeling cDNA comprises labeling with at least one chromophore. In some embodiments, the cDNA levels for the nucleic acid sample are compared to a control cDNA level. In some embodiments, the comparison is used in the management of patient care in ND. In some embodiments, the management of patient care includes one or more of risk assessment, early diagnosis, establishing prognosis, monitoring patient treatment, and detecting treatment efficacy. In some embodiments, the comparison is used in discovery of therapeutic intervention of an ND.

An aspect of the invention includes a method for measuring expression levels of polypeptides comprising: a) selecting a panel of biomarkers comprising at least two polypeptides encoded by an RNA sequence transcribed from a genomic sequence of SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020; b) obtaining a nucleic acid sample; c) creating an antibody panel for each biomarker in the panel; d) using the antibody panel to bind the polypeptides from the nucleic acid sample; and e) quantifying levels of the polypeptides bound from the nucleic acid sample to the antibody panel. In some embodiments, the polypeptide levels of the nucleic acid sample are increased or decreased compared to the polypeptide levels of a control nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, the subject is treated for an ND patient based on the quantified levels of the polypeptides bound from the nucleic acid sample to the antibody panel. In some embodiments, the treatment of a subject includes one or more of risk assessment, early diagnosis, establishing prognosis, monitoring patient treatment, and detecting treatment efficacy. In some embodiments, the comparison is used in discovery of a therapeutic intervention of an ND.

An aspect of the invention includes a kit for the determination of an ND comprising: at least one reagent that is used in analysis of one or more polynucleotide expression levels for a panel of biomarkers for an ND, wherein the panel comprises two or more genes contained in one or more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020, and instructions for using the kit for analyzing the expression levels. In some embodiments, the one or more polynucleotide expression levels comprise one or more RNA transcript expression levels. In some embodiments, the one or more RNA transcript expression levels correspond to one or more RNA transcripts of Table 4. In some embodiments, the at least one reagent comprises at least two sets of suitable primers. In some embodiments, the at least one reagent comprises a reagent for the preparation of cDNA. In some embodiments, the at least one reagent comprises a reagent that is used for detection and quantization of polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the at least one reagent comprises at least one chromophore.

An aspect of the invention includes a kit for the determination of an ND comprising: at least one reagent that is used in analysis of polypeptide expression levels for a panel of biomarkers for ND, wherein the panel comprises at least two polypeptides expressed from two or more genes contained in one or more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020; and instructions for using the kit for analyzing the expression levels. In some embodiments, the reagent is an antibody reagent that binds a polypeptide selected in the panel. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises a reagent that is used for detection of a bound polypeptide. In some embodiments, the reagent includes a second antibody.

An aspect of the invention includes a method of screening a subject for an ND, the method comprising: a) assaying a nucleic acid sample obtained from the subject by PCR, array Comparative Genomic Hybridization, sequencing, SNP genotyping, or Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization to detect sequence information for more than one genetic loci; b) comparing the sequence information to a panel of nucleic acid biomarkers, wherein the panel comprises at least one nucleic acid biomarker for each of the more than one genetic loci; and wherein the panel comprises at least 2 low frequency nucleic acid biomarkers, wherein the low frequency nucleic acid biomarkers occur at a frequency of 0.1% or less in a population of subjects without a diagnosis of the ND; and c) screening the subject for the presence or absence of the ND if one or more of the low frequency biomarkers in the panel are present in the sequence information. In some embodiments, the panel comprises at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 low frequency nucleic acid biomarkers. In some embodiments, the presence or absence of the ND in the subject is determined with at least 50% confidence. In some embodiments, the low frequency biomarkers occur at a frequency of 0.01% or less, 0.001% or less, or 0.0001% or less in a population of subjects without a diagnosis of the ND. In some embodiments, the panel of nucleic acid biomarkers comprises at least two genes contained in the one or more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, the ND is PD. In some embodiments, the method further comprises identifying a therapeutic agent useful for treating the ND. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering one or more of the therapeutic agents to the subject if one or more of the low frequency biomarkers in the panel are present in the sequence information.

An aspect of the invention includes a kit for screening a subject for an ND, the kit comprising at least one reagent for assaying a nucleic acid sample from the subject for information on a panel of nucleic acid biomarkers, wherein the panel comprises at least 2 low frequency biomarkers, and wherein the low frequency biomarkers occur at a frequency of 0.1% or less in a population of subjects without a diagnosis of the ND. In some embodiments, a presence or absence of the ND in the subject is determined with a 50% confidence. In some embodiments, the panel comprises at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 low frequency nucleic acid biomarkers. In some embodiments, the low frequency biomarkers occur at a frequency of 0.01% or less, 0.001% or less, or 0.0001% or less in a population of subjects without a diagnosis of the ND. In some embodiments, the panel of nucleic acid biomarkers comprises at least two genes contained in the one or more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020. In some embodiments, the at least one reagent comprises at least two sets of suitable primers. In some embodiments, the at least one reagent comprises a reagent for the preparation of cDNA. In some embodiments, the at least one reagent comprises a reagent that is used for detection and quantization of polynucleotides. In some embodiments, the at least one reagent comprises at least one chromophore.

An aspect of the invention includes a method of generating a panel of nucleic acid biomarkers comprising: a) assaying a nucleic acid sample from a first population of subjects by PCR, array Comparative Genomic Hybridization, sequencing, SNP genotyping, or Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization for nucleic acid sequence information, wherein the subjects of the first population have a diagnosis of an ND; b) assaying a nucleic acid sample from a second population of subjects by PCR, array Comparative Genomic Hybridization, sequencing, SNP genotyping, or Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization for nucleic acid sequence information, wherein the subjects of the second population are without a diagnosis of an ND; c) comparing the nucleic acid sequence information from step (a) to that of step (b); d) determining the frequency of one or more biomarkers from the comparing step; and e) generating the panel of a nucleic acid biomarkers, wherein the panel comprises at least 2 low frequency biomarkers, and wherein the low frequency biomarkers occur at a frequency of 0.1% or less in a population of subjects without a diagnosis of an ND. In some embodiments, the subjects in the second population of subjects without a diagnosis of an ND comprise one or more subjects not suspected of having the ND. In some embodiments, the subjects in the second population of subjects without a diagnosis of an ND comprise one or more subjects without the ND. In some embodiments, the subjects in the second population of subjects without a diagnosis of an ND comprise one or more subjects who are asymptomatic for the ND. In some embodiments, the subjects in the second population of subjects without a diagnosis of an ND comprise one or more subjects who have decreased susceptibility to the ND. In some embodiments, the subjects in the second population of subjects without a diagnosis of an ND comprise one or more subjects who are unassociated with a treatment, therapeutic regimen, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the panel comprises at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 low frequency nucleic acid biomarkers. In some embodiments, the low frequency biomarkers occur at a frequency of 0.01% or less, 0.001% or less, or 0.0001% or less in the second population of subjects without a diagnosis of an ND. In some embodiments, the panel of nucleic acid biomarkers comprises at least two genes contained in the one or more polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 383 to 1020.

An aspect of the invention includes an array comprising a plurality of nucleic acid probes, wherein each probe comprises a sequence complimentary to a target sequence of one of the polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 1 to 1020, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acid probes comprises at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 of the nucleic acid probes. In some embodiments, the array further comprises a second plurality of nucleic acid probes, wherein each probe in the second plurality of nucleic acid probes comprises a sequence complimentary to a complimentary target sequence of one of the polynucleotide sequences selected from SEQ ID NOs 1 to 1020, or a fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the second plurality of nucleic acid probes comprises at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 or 200 nucleic acid probes. In some embodiments, each different nucleic acid probe is attached to a bead. In some embodiments,each different nucleic acid probe is labeled with a detectable label. In some embodiments,each different nucleic acid probe is attached to a solid support in a determinable location of the array. In some embodiments, the solid support comprises plastics, glass, beads, microparticles, microtiter dishes, or gels. In some embodiments, the array further comprises control probes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The details of one or more inventive embodiments are set forth in the accompanying drawings, the claims, and in the description herein. Other features, objects, and advantages of inventive embodiments disclosed and contemplated herein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the article “a” means one or more unless explicitly otherwise provided for. As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, terms such as “contain,” “containing,” “include,” “including,” and the like mean “comprising.”As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term “or” can be conjunctive or disjunctive. As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, any embodiment can be combined with any other embodiment. As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, some inventive embodiments herein contemplate numerical ranges. When ranges are present, the ranges include the range endpoints. Additionally, every subrange and value within the range is present as if explicitly written out.

Described herein are methods of identifying variations in nucleic acids and genes associated with one or more neurological conditions. Described herein are methods of screening for determining a subject's susceptibility to developing or having one or more neurological disorders, for example, Parkinson's disease (PD), based on identification and detection of genetic nucleic acid variations. Also described herein, are methods and compositions for treating and/or preventing one or more neurological conditions using a therapeutic modality. The present disclosure encompasses methods of assessing an individual for probability of response to a therapeutic agent for a neurological disorder, methods for predicting the effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for a neurological disorder, nucleic acids, polypeptides and antibodies and computer-implemented functions. Kits for screening a nucleic acid sample from a subject to detect or determine susceptibility to a neurological disorder are also encompassed by the disclosure.

Genetic Variations Associated with Neurological Disorders

Genomic sequences within populations exhibit variability between individuals at many locations in the genome. For example, the human genome exhibits sequence variations that occur on average every 500 base pairs. Such genetic variations in nucleic acid sequences are commonly referred to as polymorphisms or polymorphic sites. As used herein, a polymorphism, e.g. genetic variation, includes a variation in the sequence of a gene in the genome amongst a population, such as allelic variations and other variations that arise or are observed. Thus, a polymorphism refers to the occurrence of two or more genetically determined alternative sequences or alleles in a population. These differences can occur in coding and non-coding portions of the genome, and can be manifested or detected as differences in nucleic acid sequences, gene expression, including, for example transcription, processing, translation, transport, protein processing, trafficking, DNA synthesis; expressed proteins, other gene products or products of biochemical pathways or in post-translational modifications and any other differences manifested amongst members of a population. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) includes to a polymorphism that arises as the result of a single base change, such as an insertion, deletion or change in a base. A polymorphic marker or site is the locus at which divergence occurs. Such site can be as small as one base pair (an SNP). Polymorphic markers include, but are not limited to, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR's), hypervariable regions, minisatellites, dinucleotide repeats, trinucleotide repeats, tetranucleotide repeats and other repeating patterns, simple sequence repeats and insertional elements, such as Alu. Polymorphic forms also are manifested as different mendelian alleles for a gene. Polymorphisms can be observed by differences in proteins, protein modifications, RNA expression modification, DNA and RNA methylation, regulatory factors that alter gene expression and DNA replication, and any other manifestation of alterations in genomic nucleic acid or organelle nucleic acids.

In some embodiments, these genetic variations can be found to be associated with one or more disorders and/or diseases using the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments the one or more disorders and/or diseases comprise one or more neurological disorders. In some embodiments the one or more neurological disorders comprise one or more neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). In some embodiments, the one or more NDs comprise Parkinson's Disease (PD). In some embodiments genetic variations can be associated with one or more NDs.

Scientific evidence suggests there is a potential for various combinations of factors causing PD, such as multiple genetic variations that may cause PD. As used herein, “Parkinson's disease” includes idiopathic Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease that can be attributed to known genetic variations, and Parkinson's disease associated with other factors for which no causal relationship has been proven. As used herein, “genetic variations” include point mutations, polymorphisms, translocations, insertions, deletions, amplifications, inversions, interstitial deletions, copy number variations (CNVs), loss of heterozygosity, or any combination thereof. As genetic variation includes any deletion, insertion or base substitution of the genomic DNA of one or more individuals in a first portion of a total population which thereby results in a difference at the site of the deletion, insertion or base substitution relative to one or more individuals in a second portion of the total population. Thus, the term “genetic variation” encompasses “wild type” or the most frequently occurring variation, and also includes “mutant,” or the less frequently occurring variation.

As used herein, a target molecule that is “associated with” or “correlates with” a particular genetic variation is a molecule that can be functionally distinguished in its structure, activity, concentration, compartmentalization, degradation, secretion, and the like, as a result of such genetic variation. In some embodiments polymorphisms (e.g. polymorphic markers, genetic variations, or genetic variants) can comprise any nucleotide position at which two or more sequences are possible in a subject population. In some embodiments, each version of a nucleotide sequence with respect to the polymorphism can represent a specific allele, of the polymorphism. In some embodiments, genomic DNA from a subject can contain two alleles for any given polymorphic marker, representative of each copy of the marker on each chromosome. In some embodiments, an allele can be a nucleotide sequence of a given location on a chromosome. Polymorphisms can comprise any number of specific alleles. In some embodiments of the disclosure, a polymorphism can be characterized by the presence of two or more alleles in a population. In some embodiments, the polymorphism can be characterized by the presence of three or more alleles. In some embodiments, the polymorphism can be characterized by four or more alleles, five or more alleles, six or more alleles, seven or more alleles, nine or more alleles, or ten or more alleles. In some embodiments an allele can be associated with one or more diseases or disorders, for example, a neurological disorder risk allele can be an allele that is associated with increased or decreased risk of developing a neurological disorder. In some embodiments, genetic variations and alleles can be used to associate an inherited phenotype, for example, a neurological disorder, with a responsible genotype. In some embodiments, a neurological disorder risk allele can be a variant allele that is statistically associated with a screening of one or more neurological disorders. In some embodiments, genetic variations can be of any measurable frequency in the population, for example, a frequency higher than 10%, a frequency between 5-10%, a frequency between 1-5%, or frequency below 1%. As used herein, variant alleles can be alleles that differ from a reference allele. As used herein, a variant can be a segment of DNA that differs from the reference DNA, such as a genetic variation. In some embodiments, genetic variations can be used to track the inheritance of a gene that has not yet been identified, but whose approximate location is known.

As used herein, a “haplotype” can be information regarding the presence or absence of one or more genetic markers in a given chromosomal region in a subject. In some embodiments, a haplotype can be a segment of DNA characterized by one or more alleles arranged along the segment, for example, a haplotype can comprise one member of the pair of alleles for each genetic variation or locus. In some embodiments, the haplotype can comprise two or more alleles, three or more alleles, four or more alleles, five or more alleles, or any combination thereof, wherein, each allele can comprise one or more genetic variations along the segment.

In some embodiments, a genetic variation can be a functional aberration that can alter gene function, gene expression, polypeptide expression, polypeptide function, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetic variation can be a loss-of-function mutation, gain-of-function mutation, dominant negative mutation, or reversion. In some embodiments, a genetic variation can be part of a gene's coding region or regulatory region. Regulatory regions can control gene expression and thus polypeptide expression. In some embodiments, a regulatory region can be a segment of DNA wherein regulatory polypeptides, for example, transcription factors, can bind. In some embodiments a regulatory region can be positioned near the gene being regulated, for example, positions upstream of the gene being regulated. In some embodiments, a regulatory region (e.g., enhancer element) can be several thousands of base pairs upstream or downstream of a gene.

In some embodiments, variants can include changes that affect a polypeptide, such as a change in expression level, sequence, function, localization, binding partners, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a genetic variation can be a frameshift mutation, nonsense mutation, missense mutation, neutral mutation, or silent mutation. For example, sequence differences, when compared to a reference nucleotide sequence, can include the insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide, or of more than one nucleotide, resulting in a frame shift; the change of at least one nucleotide, resulting in a change in the encoded amino acid; the change of at least one nucleotide, resulting in the generation of a premature stop codon; the deletion of several nucleotides, resulting in a deletion of one or more amino acids encoded by the nucleotides; the insertion of one or several nucleotides, such as by unequal recombination or gene conversion, resulting in an interruption of the coding sequence of a reading frame; duplication of all or a part of a sequence; transposition; or a rearrangement of a nucleotide sequence. Such sequence changes can alter the polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid, for example, if the change in the nucleic acid sequence causes a frame shift, the frame shift can result in a change in the encoded amino acids, and/or can result in the generation of a premature stop codon, causing generation of a truncated polypeptide. In some embodiments, a genetic variation associated with a neurological disorder can be a synonymous change in one or more nucleotides, for example, a change that does not result in a change in the amino acid sequence. Such a polymorphism can, for example, alter splice sites, affect the stability or transport of mRNA, or otherwise affect the transcription or translation of an encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a synonymous mutation can result in the polypeptide product having an altered structure due to rare codon usage that impacts polypeptide folding during translation, which in some cases may alter its function and/or drug binding properties if it is a drug target. In some embodiments, the changes that can alter DNA increase the possibility that structural changes, such as amplifications or deletions, occur at the somatic level. A polypeptide encoded by the reference nucleotide sequence can be a reference polypeptide with a particular reference amino acid sequence, and polypeptides encoded by variant nucleotide sequences can be variant polypeptides with variant amino acid sequences.

In some embodiments, one or more variant polypeptides can be associated with one or more diseases or disorders, such as PD. In some embodiments, variant polypeptides and changes in expression, localization, and interaction partners thereof, can be used to associate an inherited phenotype, for example, a neurological disorder, with a responsible genotype. In some embodiments, a neurological disorder associated variant polypeptide can be statistically associated with a diagnosis, prognosis, or theranosis of one or more neurological disorders.

The most common sequence variants comprise base variations at a single base position in the genome, and such sequence variants, or polymorphisms, are commonly called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or single nucleotide variants (SNVs). In some embodiments, a SNP represents a genetic variant present at greater than or equal to 1% occurrence in a population and in some embodiments a SNP can represent a genetic variant present at any frequency level in a population. A SNP can be a nucleotide sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide at a location in the genome differs between members of a species or between paired chromosomes in a subject. SNPs can include variants of a single nucleotide, for example, at a given nucleotide position, some subjects can have a ‘G’, while others can have a ‘C’. SNPs can occur in a single mutational event, and therefore there can be two possible alleles possible at each SNP site; the original allele and the mutated allele. SNPs that are found to have two different bases in a single nucleotide position are referred to as biallelic SNPs, those with three are referred to as triallelic, and those with all four bases represented in the population are quadallelic. In some embodiments, SNPs can be considered neutral. In some embodiments SNPs can affect susceptibility to neurological disorders. SNP polymorphisms can have two alleles, for example, a subject can be homozygous for one allele of the polymorphism wherein both chromosomal copies of the individual have the same nucleotide at the SNP location, or a subject can be heterozygous wherein the two sister chromosomes of the subject contain different nucleotides. The SNP nomenclature as reported herein is the official Reference SNP (rs) ID identification tag as assigned to each unique SNP by the National Center for Biotechnological Information (NCBI).

Another genetic variation of the disclosure can be copy number variations (CNVs). As used herein, “CNVs” include alterations of the DNA of a genome that results an abnormal number of copies of one or more sections of DNA. In some embodiments, a CNV comprises a CNV-subregion. As used herein, a “CNV-subregion includes a continuous nucleotide sequence within a CNV. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of a CNV-subregion can be shorter than the nucleotide sequence of the CNV. CNVs can be inherited or caused by de novo mutation and can be responsible for a substantial amount of human phenotypic variability, behavioral traits, and disease susceptibility. In a preferred embodiment, CNVs of the current disclosure can be associated with susceptibility to one or more neurological disorders, for example, Parkinson's Disease. In some embodiments, CNVs can include a single gene or include a contiguous set of genes. In some embodiments, CNVs can be caused by structural rearrangements of the genome, for example, translocations, insertions, deletions, amplifications, inversions, and interstitial deletions. In some embodiments, these structural rearrangements occur on one or more chromosomes. Low copy repeats (LCRs), which are region-specific repeat sequences, can be susceptible to these structural rearrangements, resulting in CNVs. Factors such as size, orientation, percentage similarity and the distance between the copies can influence the susceptibility of LCRs to genomic rearrangement. In some embodiments, CNVs are referred to as structural variants. In some embodiments, structural variants can be a broader class of variant that can also include copy number neutral alterations such as inversions and balanced translocations.

CNVs can account for genetic variation affecting a substantial proportion of the human genome, for example, known CNVs can cover over 15% of the human genome sequence (Estivill, X Armengol; L., PLoS Genetics 3: 1787-99 (2007)). CNVs can affect gene expression, phenotypic variation and adaptation by disrupting gene dosage, and can cause disease, for example, microdeletion and microduplication disorders, and can confer susceptibility to diseases and disorders. Updated information about the location, type, and size of known CNVs can be found in one or more databases, for example, the Database of Genomic Variants (projects.tcag.ca/variation/), which currently contains data for over 66,000 CNVs (as of Nov. 2, 2010).

Other types of sequence variants can be found in the human genome and can be associated with a disease or disorder, including but not limited to, microsatellites. Microsatellite markers are stable, polymorphic, easily analyzed, and can occur regularly throughout the genome, making them especially suitable for genetic analysis. A polymorphic microsatellite can comprise multiple small repeats of bases, for example, CA repeats, at a particular site wherein the number of repeat lengths varies in a population. In some embodiments, microsatellites, for example, variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), can be short segments of DNA that have one or more repeated sequences, for example, about 2 to 5 nucleotides long, that can occur in non-coding DNA. In some embodiments, changes in microsatellites can occur during genetic recombination of sexual reproduction, increasing or decreasing the number of repeats found at an allele, or changing allele length.

Neurological Disorders

“Neurological disorders”, as used herein, include Acquired Epileptiform Aphasia, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Agenesis of the corpus callosum, Agnosia, Aicardi syndrome, Alexander disease, Alpers' disease, Alternating hemiplegia, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (see Motor Neuron Disease), Anencephaly, Angelman syndrome, Angiomatosis, Anoxia, Aphasia, Apraxia, Arachnoid cysts, Arachnoiditis, Arnold-Chiari malformation, Arteriovenous malformation, Asperger's syndrome, Ataxia Telangiectasia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism, Auditory processing disorder, Autonomic Dysfunction, Back Pain, Batten disease, Behcet's disease, Bell's palsy, Benign Essential Blepharospasm, Benign Focal Amyotrophy, Benign Intracranial Hypertension, Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, Binswanger's disease, Blepharospasm, Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome, Brachial plexus injury, Brain abscess, Brain damage, Brain injury, Brain tumor, Brown-Sequard syndrome, Canavan disease, Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), Causalgia, Central pain syndrome, Central pontine myelinolysis, Centronuclear myopathy, Cephalic disorder, Cerebral aneurysm, Cerebral arteriosclerosis, Cerebral atrophy, Cerebral gigantism, Cerebral palsy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Chiari malformation, Chorea, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), Chronic pain, Chronic regional pain syndrome, Coffin Lowry syndrome, Coma, including Persistent Vegetative State, Congenital facial diplegia, Corticobasal degeneration, Cranial arteritis, Craniosynostosis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Cumulative trauma disorders, Cushing's syndrome, Cytomegalic inclusion body disease (CIBD), Cytomegalovirus Infection, Dandy-Walker syndrome, Dawson disease, De Morsier's syndrome, Dejerine-Klumpke palsy, Dejerine-Sottas disease, Delayed sleep phase syndrome, Dementia, Dermatomyositis, Neurological Dyspraxia, Diabetic neuropathy, Diffuse sclerosis, Dysautonomia, Dyscalculia, Dysgraphia, Dyslexia, Dystonia, Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy, Empty sella syndrome, Encephalitis, Encephalocele, Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, Encopresis, Epilepsy, Erb's palsy, Erythromelalgia, Essential tremor, Fabry's disease, Fahr's syndrome, Fainting, Familial spastic paralysis, Febrile seizures, Fisher syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, FART Syndrome, Gaucher's disease, Gerstmann's syndrome, Giant cell arteritis, Giant cell inclusion disease, Globoid cell Leukodystrophy, Gray matter heterotopia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, HTLV-1 associated myelopathy, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, Head injury, Headache, Hemifacial Spasm, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis, Herpes zoster oticus, Herpes zoster, Hirayama syndrome, Holoprosencephaly, Huntington's disease, Hydranencephaly, Hydrocephalus, Hypercortisolism, Hypoxia, Immune-Mediated encephalomyelitis, Inclusion body myositis, Incontinentia pigmenti, Infantile phytanic acid storage disease, Infantile Refsum disease, Infantile spasms, Inflammatory myopathy, Intracranial cyst, Intracranial hypertension, Joubert syndrome, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Kennedy disease, Kinsbourne syndrome, Klippel Feil syndrome, Krabbe disease, Kugelberg-Welander disease, Kuru, Lafora disease, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome, Learning disabilities, Leigh's disease, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Leukodystrophy, Lewy body dementia, Lissencephaly, Locked-In syndrome, Lou Gehrig's disease, Lumbar disc disease, Lyme disease—Neurological Sequelae, Machado-Joseph disease (Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3), Macrencephaly, Maple Syrup Urine Disease, Megalencephaly, Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, Menieres disease, Meningitis, Menkes disease, Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Microcephaly, Migraine, Miller Fisher syndrome, Mini-Strokes, Mitochondrial Myopathies, Mobius syndrome, Monomelic amyotrophy, Motor Neuron Disease, Motor skills disorder, Moyamoya disease, Mucopolysaccharidoses, Multi-Infarct Dementia, Multifocal motor neuropathy, Multiple sclerosis, Multiple system atrophy with postural hypotension, Muscular dystrophy, Myalgic encephalomyelitis, Myasthenia gravis, Myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis, Myoclonic Encephalopathy of infants, Myoclonus, Myopathy, Myotubular myopathy, Myotonia congenita,Narcolepsy, Neurofibromatosis, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, Neurological manifestations of AIDS, Neurological sequelae of lupus, Neuromyotonia, Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, Neuronal migration disorders, Niemann-Pick disease, Non 24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, Nonverbal learning disorder, O'Sullivan-McLeod syndrome, Occipital Neuralgia, Occult Spinal Dysraphism Sequence, Ohtahara syndrome, Olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, Optic neuritis, Orthostatic Hypotension, Overuse syndrome, Palinopsia, Paresthesia, Parkinson's disease, Paramyotonia Congenita, Paraneoplastic diseases, Paroxysmal attacks, Parry-Romberg syndrome (also known as Rombergs Syndrome), Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, Periodic Paralyses, Peripheral neuropathy, Persistent Vegetative State, Pervasive neurological disorders, Photic sneeze reflex, Phytanic Acid Storage disease, Pick's disease, Pinched Nerve, Pituitary Tumors, PMG, Polio, Polymicrogyria, Polymyositis, Porencephaly, Post-Polio syndrome, Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN), Postinfectious Encephalomyelitis, Postural Hypotension, Prader-Willi syndrome, Primary Lateral Sclerosis, Prion diseases, Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy also known as Rombergs_Syndrome, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Sclerosing Poliodystrophy, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Pseudotumor cerebri, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome (Type I and Type II), Rasmussen's encephalitis, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, Refsum disease, Repetitive motion disorders, Repetitive stress injury, Restless legs syndrome, Retrovirus-associated myelopathy, Rett syndrome, Reye's syndrome, Rombergs_Syndrome, Rabies, Saint Vitus dance, Sandhoff disease, Schytsophrenia, Schilder's disease, Schizencephaly, Sensory Integration Dysfunction, Septo-optic dysplasia, Shaken baby syndrome, Shingles, Shy-Drager syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, Sleep apnea, Sleeping sickness, Snatiation, Sotos syndrome, Spasticity, Spina bifida, Spinal cord injury, Spinal cord tumors, Spinal muscular atrophy, Spinal stenosis, Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome, see Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Spinocerebellar ataxia, Stiff-person syndrome, Stroke, Sturge-Weber syndrome, Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, Superficial siderosis, Sydenham's chorea, Syncope, Synesthesia, Syringomyelia, Tardive dyskinesia, Tay-Sachs disease, Temporal arteritis, Tethered spinal cord syndrome, Thomsen disease, Thoracic outlet syndrome, Tic Douloureux, Todd's paralysis, Tourette syndrome, Transient ischemic attack, Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, Transverse myelitis, Traumatic brain injury, Tremor, Trigeminal neuralgia, Tropical spastic paraparesis, Trypanosomiasis, Tuberous sclerosis, Vasculitis including temporal arteritis, Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), Viliuisk Encephalomyelitis (VE), Wallenberg's syndrome, Werdnig-Hoffilian disease, West syndrome, Whiplash, Williams syndrome, Wilson's disease, X-Linked Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy, and Zellweger syndrome. In some embodiments, neurological conditions can comprise movement disorders. In a preferred embodiment, movement disorders comprise Parkinson's Disease (PD).

The term Parkinsonism is used for a motor syndrome whose main symptoms are tremor at rest, stiffness, slowing of movement and postural instability. Parkinsonian syndromes can be divided into four subtypes according to their origin: primary or idiopathic, secondary or acquired, hereditary parkinsonism, and parkinson plus syndromes or multiple system degeneration. Parkinson's disease is the most common form of Parkinsonism and is usually defined as “primary” Parkinsonism, meaning Parkinsonism with no external identifiable cause. As much as this can go against the definition of Parkinson's disease as an idiopathic illness, genetic Parkinsonism disorders with a similar clinical course to PD are generally included under the Parkinson's disease label. The terms “familial Parkinson's disease” and “sporadic Parkinson's disease” can be used to differentiate genetic from truly idiopathic forms of the disease.

PD is usually classified as a movement disorder, although it also gives rise to several non-motor types of symptoms such as sensory deficits, cognitive difficulties or sleep problems. Parkinson plus diseases are primary parkinsonisms which present additional features. They include multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and dementia with Lewy bodies.

In terms of pathophysiology, PD is considered a synucleinopathy due to an abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein polypeptide in the brain in the form of Lewy bodies, as opposed to other diseases such as Alzheimer's disease where the brain accumulates tau polypeptide in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. Nevertheless, there is clinical and pathological overlap between tauopathies and synucleinopathies. The most typical symptom of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, occurs in advanced stages of PD, while it is common to find neurofibrillary tangles in brains affected by PD.

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is another synucleinopathy that has similarities with PD, and especially with the subset of PD cases with dementia. However the relationship between PD and DLB is complex and still has to be clarified. They may represent parts of a continuum or they may be separate diseases.

Parkinson's disease affects movement, producing motor symptoms. Non-motor symptoms, which include autonomic dysfunction, neuropsychiatric problems (mood, cognition, behavior or thought alterations), and sensory and sleep difficulties, are also common.

Four motor symptoms are considered cardinal in PD: tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability. Tremor is the most apparent and well-known symptom. It is the most common; though around 30% of individuals with PD do not have tremor at disease onset, most develop it as the disease progresses. It is usually a rest tremor: maximal when the limb is at rest and disappearing with voluntary movement and sleep. It affects to a greater extent the most distal part of the limb and at onset typically appears in only a single arm or leg, becoming bilateral later. A feature of tremor is “pill-rolling”, a term used to describe the tendency of the index finger of the hand to get into contact with the thumb and perform together a circular movement. The term derives from the similarity between the movement in PD patients and the earlier pharmaceutical technique of manually making pills.

Bradykinesia (slowness of movement) is another characteristic feature of PD, and is associated with difficulties along the whole course of the movement process, from planning to initiation and finally execution of a movement. Performance of sequential and simultaneous movement is hindered. Bradykinesia is the most disabling symptom in the early stages of the disease. Initial manifestations are problems when performing daily tasks which use fine motor control such as writing, sewing or getting dressed. Clinical evaluation is based on similar tasks such as alternating movements between both hands or both feet. Bradykinesia is not equal for all movements or times. It is modified by the activity or emotional state of the subject, to the point that some patients are barely able to walk yet can still ride a bicycle. Generally patients have less difficulty when some sort of external cue is provided.

Rigidity is stiffness and resistance to limb movement caused by increased muscle tone, an excessive and continuous contraction of muscles. In Parkinsonism the rigidity can be uniform (lead-pipe rigidity) or ratchety (cogwheel rigidity). The combination of tremor and increased tone is considered to be at the origin of cogwheel rigidity. Rigidity may be associated with joint pain; such pain being a frequent initial manifestation of the disease. In early stages of Parkinson's disease, rigidity is often asymmetrical and it tends to affect the neck and shoulder muscles prior to the muscles of the face and extremities. With the progression of the disease, rigidity typically affects the whole body and reduces the ability to move.

Postural instability is typical in the late stages of the disease, leading to impaired balance and frequent falls, and secondarily to bone fractures. Instability is often absent in the initial stages, especially in younger people. Up to 40% of the patients may experience falls and around 10% may have falls weekly, with number of falls being related to the severity of PD.

Other recognized motor signs and symptoms include gait and posture disturbances such as festination (rapid shuffling steps and a forward-flexed posture when walking), speech and swallowing disturbances including voice disorders, mask-like face expression or small handwriting, although the range of possible motor problems that can appear is large.

Parkinson's disease can cause neuropsychiatric disturbances which can range from mild to severe. This includes disorders of speech, cognition, mood, behavior, and thought. Cognitive disturbances can occur in the initial stages of the disease and sometimes prior to diagnosis, and increase in prevalence with duration of the disease. The most common cognitive deficit in affected individuals is executive dysfunction, which can include problems with planning, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, rule acquisition, initiating appropriate actions and inhibiting inappropriate actions, and selecting relevant sensory information. Fluctuations in attention and slowed cognitive speed are among other cognitive difficulties. Memory is affected, specifically in recalling learned information. Nevertheless, improvement appears when recall is aided by cues. Visuospatial difficulties are also part of the disease, seen for example, when the individual is asked to perform tests of facial recognition and perception of the orientation of drawn lines.

A person with PD has two to six times the risk of suffering dementia compared to the general population. The prevalence of dementia increases with duration of the disease. Dementia is associated with a reduced quality of life in people with PD and their caregivers, increased mortality, and a higher probability of needing nursing home care. Behavior and mood alterations are more common in PD without cognitive impairment than in the general population, and are usually present in PD with dementia. The most frequent mood difficulties are depression, apathy and anxiety. Impulse control behaviors such as medication overuse and craving, binge eating, hypersexuality, or pathological gambling can appear in PD and have been related to the medications used to manage the disease. Psychotic symptoms—hallucinations or delusions—occur in 4% of patients, and it is assumed that the main precipitant of psychotic phenomena in Parkinson's disease is dopaminergic excess secondary to treatment; it therefore becomes more common with increasing age and levodopa intake.

In addition to cognitive and motor symptoms, PD can impair other body functions. Sleep problems are a feature of the disease and can be worsened by medications. Symptoms can manifest in daytime drowsiness, disturbances in REM sleep, or insomnia. Alterations in the autonomic nervous system can lead to orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing), oily skin and excessive sweating, urinary incontinence and altered sexual function. Constipation and gastric dysmotility can be severe enough to cause discomfort and even endanger health. PD is related to several eye and vision abnormalities such as decreased blink rate, dry eyes, deficient ocular pursuit (eye tracking) and saccadic movements (fast automatic movements of both eyes in the same direction), difficulties in directing gaze upward, and blurred or double vision. Changes in perception may include an impaired sense of smell, sensation of pain and paresthesia (skin tingling and numbness). All of these symptoms can occur years before diagnosis of the disease.

The primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease result from greatly reduced activity of dopamine-secreting cells caused by cell death in the pars compacta region of the substantia nigra. There are five major pathways in the brain connecting other brain areas with the basal ganglia. These are known as the motor, oculo-motor, associative, limbic and orbitofrontal circuits, with names indicating the main projection area of each circuit. All of them are affected in PD, and their disruption explains many of the symptoms of the disease since these circuits are involved in a wide variety of functions including movement, attention and learning.

Most people with Parkinson's disease have idiopathic Parkinson's disease (having no specific known cause). A small proportion of cases, however, can be attributed to known genetic factors. Mutations in specific genes have been conclusively shown to cause PD. These genes code for alpha-synuclein (SNCA, also known as PARK1 and PARK4), parkinson protein 2 (PARK2, but also known as parkin, PRKN, as well as E3 ubiquitin ligase), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, also known as dardarin), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1, also known as PARK6), parkinson protein 7 (PARK7, also known as DJ-1) and ATPase type 13A2 (ATP13A2), in which some mutations are referred to as Kufor-Rakeb syndrome. In most cases, people with these mutations can develop PD. With the exception of LRRK2, however, they account for only a small minority of cases of PD. The most extensively studied PD-related genes are SNCA and LRRK2. Mutations in genes including SNCA, LRRK2 and glucocerebrosidase (GBA) have been found to be risk factors for sporadic PD. Mutations in GBA are known to cause Gaucher's disease.

Subjects

PD invariably progresses with time. The Hoehn and Yahr scale, which defines five stages of progression, is commonly used to estimate the progress of the disease. Motor symptoms, if not treated, advance aggressively in the early stages of the disease and more slowly later. Untreated, subjects are expected to lose independent ambulation after an average of eight years and be bedridden after ten years. However, it is uncommon to find untreated subjects nowadays. Medication has improved the prognosis of motor symptoms, while at the same time it is a new source of disability because of the undesired effects of levodopa after years of use. In subjects taking levodopa, the progression time of symptoms to a stage of high dependency from caregivers may be over 15 years. However, it is hard to predict what course the disease can take for a given subject. Age is the best predictor of disease progression. The rate of motor decline is greater in those with less impairment at the time of diagnosis, while cognitive impairment is more frequent in those who are over 70 years of age at symptom onset.

Since current therapies improve motor symptoms, disability at present is mainly related to non-motor features of the disease. Nevertheless, the relationship between disease progression and disability is not linear. Disability is initially related to motor symptoms. As the disease advances, disability is more related to motor symptoms that do not respond adequately to medication, such as swallowing/speech difficulties, and gait/balance problems; and also to motor complications, which appear in up to 50% of subjects after 5 years of levodopa usage. Finally, after ten years most subjects with the disease have autonomic disturbances, sleep problems, mood alterations and cognitive decline. All of these symptoms, especially cognitive decline, greatly increase disability.

A “subject,” as used herein, can be an individual of any age or sex from whom a nucleic acid sample containing nucleotides is obtained for analysis by one or more methods described herein so as to obtain nucleic acid information, for example, a male or female adult, child, newborn, or fetus. In some embodiments, a subject can be any target of therapeutic administration. In some embodiments, a subject can be a test subject or a reference subject. In some embodiments, a subject can be associated with a condition or disease or disorder, asymptomatic or symptomatic, have increased or decreased susceptibility to a disease or disorder, be associated or unassociated with a treatment or treatment regimen, or any combination thereof. As used in the present disclosure a cohort can represent an ethnic group, a patient group, a particular age group, a group not associated with a particular disease or disorder, a group associated with a particular disease or disorder, a group of asymptomatic subjects, a group of symptomatic subjects, or a group or subgroup of subjects associated with a particular response to a treatment regimen or clinical trial. In some embodiments, a patient can be a subject afflicted with a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, a patient can be a subject not afflicted with a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, a subject can be a test subject, a patient or a candidate for a therapeutic, wherein genomic DNA from the subject, patient, or candidate is obtained for analysis by one or more methods of the present disclosure herein, so as to obtain genetic variation information of the subject, patient or candidate.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sample can be obtained prenatally from a fetus or embryo or from the mother, for example, from fetal or embryonic cells in the maternal circulation. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sample can be obtained with the assistance of a health care provider, for example, to draw blood. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sample can be obtained without the assistance of a health care provider, for example, where the nucleic acid sample is obtained non-invasively, such as a saliva sample, or a sample comprising buccal cells that is obtained using a buccal swab or brush, or a mouthwash sample.

The present disclosure also provides methods for assessing genetic variations in subjects who are members of a target population. Such a target population is in some embodiments a population or group of subjects at risk of developing the disease, based on, for example, other genetic factors, biomarkers, biophysical parameters, family history of a neurological disorder, previous screening or medical history, or any combination thereof.

Although PD is known to affect older adults more frequently than children, subjects of all ages are contemplated in the present disclosure. In some embodiments subjects can be from specific age subgroups, such as those over the age of 1, over the age of 2, over the age of 3, over the age of 4, over the age of 5, over the age of 6, over the age of 7, over the age of 8, over the age of 9, over the age of 10, over the age of 15, over the age of 20, over the age of 25, over the age of 30, over the age of 35, over the age of 40, over the age of 45, over the age of 50, over the age of 55, over the age of 60, over the age of 65, over the age of 70, over the age of 75, over the age of 80, or over the age of 85. Other embodiments of the disclosure pertain to other age groups, such as subjects aged less than 85, such as less than age 80, less than age 75, less than age 70, less than age 65, less than age 60, less than age 55, less than age 50, less than age 45, less than age 40, less than age 35, less than age 30, less than age 25, less than age 20, less than age 15, less than age 10, less than age 9, less than age 8, less than age 6, less than age 5, less than age 4, less than age 3, less than age 2, or less than age 1. Other embodiments relate to subjects with age at onset of the disease in any of particular age or age ranges defined by the numerical values described in the above or other numerical values bridging these numbers. It is also contemplated that a range of ages can be relevant in certain embodiments, such as age at onset at more than age 15 but less than age 20. Other age ranges are however also contemplated, including all age ranges bracketed by the age values listed in the above.

The genetic variations of the present disclosure found to be associated with a neurological disorder can show similar association in other human populations. Particular embodiments comprising subject human populations are thus also contemplated and within the scope of the disclosure. Such embodiments relate to human subjects that are from one or more human populations including, but not limited to, Caucasian, European, American, Eurasian, Asian, Central/South Asian, East Asian, Middle Eastern, African, Hispanic, and Oceanic populations. European populations include, but are not limited to, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Russian, Danish, Icelandic, Irish, Kelt, English, Scottish, Dutch, Belgian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Polish, Bulgarian, Slavic, Serbian, Bosnian, Czech, Greek and Turkish populations. The racial contribution in subject subjects can also be determined by genetic analysis, for example, genetic analysis of ancestry can be carried out using unlinked microsatellite markers such as those set out in Smith et al. (Am J Hum Genet 74, 1001-13 (2004))

It is also well known to the person skilled in the art that certain genetic variations have different population frequencies in different populations, or are polymorphic in one population but not in another. A person skilled in the art can however apply the methods available and as thought herein to practice the present disclosure in any given human population. This can include assessment of genetic variations of the present disclosure, so as to identify those markers that give strongest association within the specific population. Thus, the at-risk variants of the present disclosure can reside on different haplotype background and in different frequencies in various human populations.

Samples

Samples that are suitable for use in the methods described herein can be nucleic acid samples from a subject. A “nucleic acid sample” as used herein can include RNA, DNA, polypeptides, or a combination thereof. Nucleic acids and polypeptides can be extracted from one or more nucleic acid samples including but not limited to, blood, saliva, urine, mucosal scrapings of the lining of the mouth, expectorant, serum, tears, skin, tissue, or hair. A nucleic acid sample can be assayed for nucleic acid information. “Nucleic acid information,” as used herein, includes a nucleic acid sequence itself, the presence/absence of genetic variation in the nucleic acid sequence, a physical property which varies depending on the nucleic acid sequence (for example, Tm), and the amount of the nucleic acid (for example, number of mRNA copies). A “nucleic acid” means any one of DNA, RNA, DNA including artificial nucleotides, or RNA including artificial nucleotides. As used herein, a “purified nucleic acid” includes cDNAs, fragments of genomic nucleic acids, nucleic acids produced polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nucleic acids formed by restriction enzyme treatment of genomic nucleic acids, recombinant nucleic acids, and chemically synthesized nucleic acid molecules. A “recombinant” nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleic acid molecule made by an artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence, e.g., by chemical synthesis or by the manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids by genetic engineering techniques. As used herein, a “polypeptide” includes proteins, fragments of proteins, and peptides, whether isolated from natural sources, produced by recombinant techniques, or chemically synthesized. A polypeptide may have one or more modifications, such as a post-translational modification (e.g., glycosylation, etc.) or any other modification (e.g., pegylation, etc.). The polypeptide may contain one or more non-naturally-occurring amino acids (e.g., such as an amino acid with a side chain modification).

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sample can comprise cells or tissue, for example, cell lines. Exemplary cell types from which nucleic acids can be obtained using the methods described herein and include but are not limited to, a blood cell; such as a B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, leukocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, or neutrophil; a muscle cell such as a skeletal cell, smooth muscle cell or cardiac muscle cell; a germ cell, such as a sperm or egg; an epithelial cell; a connective tissue cell, such as an adipocyte, chondrocyte; fibroblast or osteoblast; a neuron; an astrocyte; a stromal cell; an organ specific cell, such as a kidney cell, pancreatic cell, liver cell, or a keratinocyte; a stem cell; or any cell that develops there from. A cell from which nucleic acids can be obtained can be at a particular neurological level including, for example, a hematopoietic stem cell or a cell that arises from a hematopoietic stem cell such as a red blood cell, B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, natural killer cell, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, monocyte, macrophage, or platelet. Generally any type of stem cell can be used including, without limitation, an embryonic stem cell, adult stem cell, or pluripotent stem cell.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sample can be processed for RNA or DNA isolation, for example, RNA or DNA in a cell or tissue sample can be separated from other components of the nucleic acid sample. Cells can be harvested from a nucleic acid sample using standard techniques known in the art, for example, by centrifuging a cell sample and resuspending the pelleted cells, for example, in a buffered solution, for example, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In some embodiments, after centrifuging the cell suspension to obtain a cell pellet, the cells can be lysed to extract DNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sample can be concentrated and/or purified to isolate DNA. All nucleic acid samples obtained from a subject, including those subjected to any sort of further processing, are considered to be obtained from the subject. In some embodiments, standard techniques and kits known in the art can be used to extract RNA or DNA from a nucleic acid sample, including, for example, phenol extraction, a QIAamp® Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, Calif.), a Wizard® Genomic DNA purification kit (Promega), or a Qiagen Autopure method using Puregene chemistry, which can enable purification of highly stable DNA well-suited for archiving.

In some embodiments, determining the identity of an allele or determining copy number can, but need not, include obtaining a nucleic acid sample comprising RNA and/or DNA from a subject, and/or assessing the identity, copy number, presence or absence of one or more genetic variations and their chromosomal locations in the nucleic acid sample. The individual or organization that performs the determination need not actually carry out the physical analysis of a nucleic acid sample from a subject. In some embodiments, the methods can include using information obtained by analysis of the nucleic acid sample by a third party. In some embodiments, the methods can include steps that occur at more than one site. For example, a nucleic acid sample can be obtained from a subject at a first site, such as at a health care provider or at the subject's home in the case of a self-testing kit. The nucleic acid sample can be analyzed at the same or a second site, for example, at a laboratory or other testing facility.

Methods of Screening

As used herein, “screening” a subject includes diagnosing, theranosing, or determining the susceptibility to developing (prognosing) a neurological disorder, for example, PD. In particular embodiments, the disclosure is a method of determining a presence of, or a susceptibility to, a neurological disorder, by detecting at least one genetic variation in a nucleic acid sample from a subject as described herein. In some embodiments, detection of particular alleles, markers, variations, or haplotypes is indicative of a presence or susceptibility to a neurological disorder.

A physician can diagnose Parkinson's disease from the medical history and a neurological examination. There is no lab test that can clearly identify the disease, but brain scans are sometimes used to rule out disorders that could give rise to similar symptoms. Patients may be given levodopa (L-DOPA) and resulting relief of motor impairment tends to confirm diagnosis. The finding of Lewy bodies in the midbrain on autopsy is usually considered proof that the patient suffered from Parkinson's disease. The progress of the illness over time may reveal it is not Parkinson's disease, and some authorities recommend that the diagnosis be periodically reviewed.

Other causes that can secondarily produce a parkinsonian syndrome are Alzheimer's disease, multiple cerebral infarction and drug-induced Parkinsonism. Parkinson plus syndromes such as progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy should be ruled out. Anti-Parkinson's medications are typically less effective at controlling symptoms in Parkinson plus syndromes. Faster progression rates, early cognitive dysfunction or postural instability, minimal tremor or symmetry at onset may indicate a Parkinson plus disease rather than PD itself. Genetic forms are usually classified as PD, although the terms familial Parkinson's disease and familial Parkinsonism are used for disease entities with an autosomal dominant or recessive pattern of inheritance.

Medical organizations have created diagnostic criteria to ease and standardize the diagnostic process, especially in the early stages of the disease. The most widely known criteria come from the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank and the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. The PD Society Brain Bank criteria require slowness of movement (bradykinesia) plus either rigidity, resting tremor, or postural instability. Other possible causes for these symptoms need to be ruled out. Finally, three or more of the following features are required during onset or evolution: unilateral onset, tremor at rest, progression in time, asymmetry of motor symptoms, response to levodopa for at least five years, clinical course of at least ten years, and appearance of dyskinesias induced by the intake of excessive levodopa. Accuracy of diagnostic criteria evaluated at autopsy is 75-90%, with specialists such as neurologists having the highest rates.

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans of people with PD usually appear normal. These techniques are nevertheless useful to rule out other diseases that can be secondary causes of parkinsonism, such as basal ganglia tumors, vascular pathology and hydrocephalus. A specific technique of MRI, diffusion MRI, has been reported to be useful at discriminating between typical and atypical parkinsonism, although its exact diagnostic value is still under investigation. Dopaminergic function in the basal ganglia can be measured with different PET and SPECT radiotracers. Examples are ioflupane (123I) (trade name DaTSCAN) and iometopane (Dopascan) for SPECT or fludeoxyglucose (18F) for PET. A pattern of reduced dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia can aid in diagnosing PD.

Within any given population, there can be an absolute susceptibility of developing a disease or trait, defined as the chance of a person developing the specific disease or trait over a specified time-period. Susceptibility (e.g. being at-risk) is typically measured by looking at very large numbers of people, rather than at a particular individual. As described herein, certain copy number variations (genetic variations) are found to be useful for susceptibility assessment of a neurological disorder. Susceptibility assessment can involve detecting particular genetic variations in the genome of individuals undergoing assessment. Particular genetic variations are found more frequently in individuals with a neurological disorder, than in individuals without screening of a neurological disorder. Therefore, these genetic variations have predictive value for detecting a neurological disorder, or a susceptibility to a neurological disorder, in an individual. Without intending to be limited by theory, it is believed that the genetic variations described herein to be associated with susceptibility of a neurological disorder represent functional variants predisposing to the disease. In some embodiments, a genetic variation can confer a susceptibility of the condition, for example, carriers of the genetic variation are at a different risk of the condition than non-carriers. In a preferred embodiment, the presence of a genetic variation is indicative of increased susceptibility to a neurological disorder, such as Parkinson's disease.

In some embodiments, screening can be performed using any of the methods disclosed, alone or in combination. In some embodiments, screening can be performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In a preferred embodiment screening can be performed using Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH). In some embodiments, the genetic variation information as it relates to the current disclosure can be used in conjunction with any of the above mentioned symptomatic screening tests to screen a subject for PD, for example, using a combination of aCGH and different PET radiotracers.

In some embodiments, information from any of the above screening methods (e.g. specific symptoms, scoring matrix, or genetic variation data) can be used to define a subject as a test subject or reference subject. In some embodiments, information from any of the above screening methods can be used to associate a subject with a test or reference population, for example, a subject in a population.

In one embodiment, an association with a neurological disorder can determined by the statistical likelihood of the presence of a genetic variation in a subject with a neurological disorder, for example, an unrelated individual or a first or second-degree relation of the subject. In some embodiments, an association with a neurological disorder can be determined by determining the statistical likelihood of the absence of a genetic variation in an unaffected reference subject, for example, an unrelated individual or a first or second-degree relation of the subject. The methods described herein can include obtaining and analyzing a nucleic acid sample from one or more suitable reference subjects.

In the present context, the term screening comprises diagnosis, prognosis, and theranosis. Screening can refer to any available screening method, including those mentioned herein. As used herein, susceptibility can be proneness of a subject towards the development of a neurological condition, or towards being less able to resist a particular neurological condition than one or more control subjects. In some embodiments, susceptibility can encompass increased susceptibility. For example, particular nucleic acid variations of the disclosure as described herein can be characteristic of increased susceptibility to development of a neurological disorder. In some embodiments, susceptibility can encompass decreased susceptibility, for example, particular nucleic variations of the disclosure as described herein can be characteristic of decreased susceptibility to development of a neurological disorder.

As described herein, a genetic variation predictive of susceptibility to or presence of a neurological disorder can be one where the particular genetic variation is more frequently present in a subject with the condition (affected), compared to the frequency of its presence in a reference group (control), such that the presence of the genetic variation is indicative of susceptibility to or presence of the neurological disorder. In some embodiments, the reference group can be a population nucleic acid sample, for example, a random nucleic acid sample from the general population or a mixture of two or more nucleic acid samples from a population. In some embodiments, disease-free controls can be characterized by the absence of one or more specific disease-associated symptoms, for example, individuals who have not experienced symptoms associated with a neurological disorder. In some embodiments, the disease-free control group is characterized by the absence of one or more disease-specific risk factors, for example, at least one genetic and/or environmental risk factor. In some embodiments, a reference sequence can be referred to for a particular site of genetic variation. In some embodiments, a reference allele can be a wild-type allele and can be chosen as either the first sequenced allele or as the allele from a control individual. In some embodiments, one or more reference subjects can be characteristically matched with one or more affected subjects, for example, with matched aged, gender or ethnicity.

A person skilled in the art can appreciate that for genetic variations with two or more alleles present in the population being studied, and wherein one allele can found in increased frequency in a group of individuals with a neurological disorder in the population, compared with controls, the other allele of the marker can be found in decreased frequency in the group of individuals with the trait or disease, compared with controls. In such a case, one allele of the marker, for example, the allele found in increased frequency in individuals with a neurological disorder, can be the at-risk allele, while the other allele(s) can be a neutral or protective allele.

A genetic variant associated with a neurological disorder can be used to predict the susceptibility of the disease for a given genotype. For any genetic variation, there can be one or more possible genotypes, for example, homozygote for the at-risk variant (e.g., in autosomal recessive disorders), heterozygote, and non-carrier of the at-risk variant. In some embodiments, susceptibility associated with variants at multiple loci can be used to estimate overall susceptibility. For multiple genetic variants, there can be k (k=3{circumflex over ( )}n*2{circumflex over ( )}P) possible genotypes; wherein n can be the number of autosomal loci and p can be the number of gonosomal (sex chromosomal) loci. Overall susceptibility assessment calculations can assume that the relative susceptibilities of different genetic variants multiply, for example, the overall susceptibility associated with a particular genotype combination can be the product of the susceptibility values for the genotype at each locus. If the susceptibility presented is the relative susceptibility for a person, or a specific genotype for a person, compared to a reference population, then the combined susceptibility can be the product of the locus specific susceptibility values and can correspond to an overall susceptibility estimate compared with a population. If the susceptibility for a person is based on a comparison to non-carriers of the at-risk allele, then the combined susceptibility can correspond to an estimate that compares the person with a given combination of genotypes at all loci to a group of individuals who do not carry at-risk variants at any of those loci. The group of non-carriers of any at-risk variant can have the lowest estimated susceptibility and can have a combined susceptibility, compared with itself, for example, non-carriers, of 1.0, but can have an overall susceptibility, compared with the population, of less than 1.0.

Overall risk for multiple risk variants can be performed using standard methodology. Genetic variations described herein can form the basis of risk analysis that combines other genetic variations known to increase risk of a neurological disorder, or other genetic risk variants for a neurological disorder. In certain embodiments of the disclosure, a plurality of variants (genetic variations, variant alleles, and/or haplotypes) can be used for overall risk assessment. These variants are in some embodiments selected from the genetic variations as disclosed herein. Other embodiments include the use of the variants of the present disclosure in combination with other variants known to be useful for screening a susceptibility to a neurological disorder. In such embodiments, the genotype status of a plurality of genetic variations, markers and/or haplotypes is determined in an individual, and the status of the individual compared with the population frequency of the associated variants, or the frequency of the variants in clinically healthy subjects, such as age-matched and sex-matched subjects.

Methods known in the art, such as the use of available algorithms and software can be used to identify, or call, significant genetic variations, including but not limited to, algorithms of DNA Analytics or DNAcopy, iPattern and/or QuantiSNP. In some embodiments, a threshold logratio value can be used to determine losses and gains. For example, using DNA Analytics, a log 2ratio cutoff of 0.25 and −0.25 to classify CNV gains and losses respectively can be used. As a further example, using DNAcopy, a log 2ratio cutoff of 0.35 and −0.35 to classify CNV gains and losses respectively can be used. For example, an Aberration Detection Module 2 (ADM2) algorithm, such as that of DNA Analytics 4.0.85 can be used to identify, or call, significant genetic variations. In some embodiments, two or more algorithms can be used to identify, or call, significant genetic variations. For example, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more algorithms can be used to identify, or call, significant genetic variations. In some embodiments, significant genetic variations can be CNVs.

CNVs detected by 2 or more algorithms can be defined as stringent and can be utilized for further analyses. In some embodiments, the information and calls from two or more of the methods described herein can be compared to each other to identify significant genetic variations more or less stringently. For example, CNV calls generated by two or more of DNA Analytics, Aberration Detection Module 2 (ADM2) algorithms, and DNAcopy algorithms can be defined as stringent CNVs. In some embodiments significant or stringent genetic variations can be tagged as identified or called if it can be found to have a minimal reciprocal overlap to a genetic variation detected by one or more platforms and/or methods described herein. For example, a minimum of 50% reciprocal overlap can be used to tag the CNVs as identified or called. For example, significant or stringent genetic variations can be tagged as identified or called if it can be found to have a reciprocal overlap of more than about 50%, 55% 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, 99%, or equal to 100%, to a genetic variation detected by one or more platforms and/or methods described herein. For example, significant or stringent genetic variations can be tagged as identified or called if it can be found to have a reciprocal overlap of more than about 50% reciprocal overlap to a genetic variation detected by one or more platforms and/or methods described herein.

In some embodiments, a threshold log ratio value can be used to determine losses and gains. A log ratio value can be any log ratio value; for example, a log ratio value can be a log 2 ratio or a log 10 ratio. In some embodiments, a CNV segment whose median log 2 ratio is less than or equal to a log 2 ratio threshold value can be classified as a loss. For example, any segment whose median log 2 ratio is less than or equal to −0.1, −0.11, −0.12, −0.13, −0.14, −0.15, −0.16, −0.17, −0.18, −0.19, −0.2, −0.21, −0.22, −0.23, −0.24, −0.25, −0.26, −0.27, −0.28, −0.29, −0.3, −0.31, −0.32, −0.33, −0.34, −0.35, −0.36, −0.37, −0.38, −0.39, −0.4, −0.41, −0.42, −0.43, −0.44, −0.45, −0.46, −0.47, −0.48, −0.49, −0.5, −0.55, −0.6, −0.65, −0.7, −0.75, −0.8, −0.85, −0.9, −0.95, −1, −1.1, −1.2, −1.3, −1.4, −1.5, −1.6, −1.7, −1.8, −1.9, −2, −2.1, −2.2, −2.3, −2.4, −2.5, −2.6, −2.7, −2.8, −2.9, −3, −3.1, −3.2, −3.3, −3.4, −3.5, −3.6, −3.7, −3.8, −3.9, −4, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4, −4.5, −4.6, −4.7, −4.8, −4.9, −5, −5.5, −6, −6.5, −7, −7.5, −8, −8.5, −9, −9.5, −10, −11, −12, −13, −14, −15, −16, −17, −18, −19, −20 or less, can be classified as a loss.

In some embodiments, one algorithm can be used to call or identify significant genetic variations, wherein any segment whose median log 2 ratio was less than or equal to −0.1, −0.11, −0.12, −0.13, −0.14, −0.15, −0.16, −0.17, −0.18, −0.19, −0.2, −0.21, −0.22, −0.23, −0.24, −0.25, −0.26, −0.27, −0.28, −0.29, −0.3, −0.31, −0.32, −0.33, −0.34, −0.35, −0.36, −0.37, −0.38, −0.39, −0.4, −0.41, −0.42, −0.43, −0.44, −0.45, −0.46, −0.47, −0.48, −0.49, −0.5, −0.55, −0.6, −0.65, −0.7, −0.75, −0.8, −0.85, −0.9, −0.95, −1, −1.1, −1.2, −1.3, −1.4, −1.5, −1.6, −1.7, −1.8, −1.9, −2, −2.1, −2.2, −2.3, −2.4, −2.5, −2.6, −2.7, −2.8, −2.9, −3, −3.1, −3.2, −3.3, −3.4, −3.5, −3.6, −3.7, −3.8, −3.9, −4, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4, −4.5, −4.6, −4.7, −4.8, −4.9, −5, −5.5, −6, −6.5, −7, −7.5, −8, −8.5, −9, −9.5, −10, −11, −12, −13, −14, −15, −16, −17, −18, −19, −20 or less, can be classified as a loss. For example, any CNV segment whose median log 2 ratio is less than -0.35 as determined by DNAcopy can be classified as a loss. For example, losses can be determined according to a threshold log 2 ratio, which can be set at −0.35.

In some embodiments, two algorithms can be used to call or identify significant genetic variations, wherein any segment whose median log 2 ratio is less than or equal to −0.1, −0.11, −0.12, −0.13, −0.14, −0.15, −0.16, −0.17, −0.18, −0.19, −0.2, −0.21, −0.22, −0.23, −0.24, −0.25, −0.26, −0.27, −0.28, −0.29, −0.3, −0.31, −0.32, −0.33, −0.34, −0.35, −0.36, −0.37, −0.38, −0.39, −0.4, −0.41, −0.42, −0.43, −0.44, −0.45, −0.46, −0.47, −0.48, −0.49, −0.5, −0.55, −0.6, −0.65, −0.7, −0.75, −0.8, −0.85, −0.9, −0.95, −1, −1.1, −1.2, −1.3, −1.4, −1.5, −1.6, −1.7, −1.8, −1.9, −2, −2.1, −2.2, −2.3, −2.4, −2.5, −2.6, −2.7, −2.8, −2.9, −3, −3.1, −3.2, −3.3, −3.4, −3.5, −3.6, −3.7, −3.8, −3.9, −4, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4, −4.5, −4.6, −4.7, −4.8, −4.9, −5, −5.5, −6, −6.5, −7, −7.5, −8, −8.5, −9, −9.5, −10, −11, −12, −13, −14, −15, −16, −17, −18, −19, −20 or less, as determined by one algorithm, and wherein any segment whose median log 2 ratio is less than or equal to −0.1, −0.11, −0.12, −0.13, −0.14, −0.15, −0.16, −0.17, −0.18, −0.19, −0.2, −0.21, −0.22, −0.23, −0.24, −0.25, −0.26, −0.27, −0.28, −0.29, −0.3, −0.31, −0.32, −0.33, −0.34, −0.35, −0.36, −0.37, −0.38, −0.39, −0.4, −0.41, −0.42, −0.43, −0.44, −0.45, −0.46, −0.47, −0.48, −0.49, −0.5, −0.55, −0.6, −0.65, −0.7, −0.75, −0.8, −0.85, −0.9, −0.95, −1, −1.1, −1.2, −1.3, −1.4, −1.5, −1.6, −1.7, −1.8, −1.9, −2, −2.1, −2.2, −2.3, −2.4, −2.5, −2.6, −2.7, −2.8, −2.9, −3, −3.1, −3.2, −3.3, −3.4, −3.5, −3.6, −3.7, −3.8, −3.9, −4, −4.1, −4.2, −4.3, −4.4, −4.5, −4.6, −4.7, −4.8, −4.9, −5, −5.5, −6, −6.5, −7, −7.5, −8, −8.5, −9, −9.5, −10, −11, −12, −13, −14, −15, −16, −17, −18, −19, −20, or less, as determined by the other algorithm can be classified as a loss. For example, CNV calling can comprise using the Aberration Detection Module 2 (ADM2) algorithm and the DNAcopy algorithm, wherein losses can be determined according to a two threshold log 2 ratios, wherein the Aberration Detection Module 2 (ADM2) algorithm log 2 ratio can be −0.25 and the DNAcopy algorithm log 2 ratio can be −0.41.

In some embodiments, the use of two algorithms to call or identify significant genetic variations can be a stringent method. In some embodiments, the use of two algorithms to call or identify significant genetic variations can be a more stringent method compared to the use of one algorithm to call or identify significant genetic variations.

In some embodiments, any CNV segment whose median log 2 ratio is greater than a log 2 ratio threshold value can be classified as a gain. For example, any segment whose median log 2 ratio is greater than 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.4, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, or more can be classified as a gain.

In some embodiments, one algorithm can be used to call or identify significant genetic variations, wherein any segment whose median log 2 ratio is greater than or equal to 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.4, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, or more can be classified as a gain. For example, any CNV segment whose median log 2 ratio is greater than 0.35 as determined by DNAcopy can be classified as a gain. For example, gains can be determined according to a threshold log 2 ratio, which can be set at 0.35.

In some embodiments, two algorithms can be used to call or identify significant genetic variations, wherein any segment whose median log 2 ratio is greater than or equal to 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.4, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, or 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3 or more, as determined by one algorithm, and wherein any segment whose median log 2 ratio is greater than or equal to 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.19, 0.2, 0.21, 0.22, 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.26, 0.27, 0.28, 0.29, 0.3, 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.4, 0.41, 0.42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, or 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3, or more, as determined by the other algorithm the can be classified as a gain. For example, CNV calling can comprise using the Aberration Detection Module 2 (ADM2) algorithm and the DNAcopy algorithm, wherein gains can be determined according to a two threshold log 2 ratios, wherein the Aberration Detection Module 2 (ADM2) algorithm log 2 ratio can be 0.25 and the DNAcopy algorithm log 2 ratio can be 0.32.

Any CNV segment whose absolute (median log-ratio/mad) value is less than 2 can be excluded (not identified as a significant genetic variation). For example, any CNV segment whose absolute (median log-ratio/mad) value is less than 2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, or 0.5 or less can be excluded.

In some embodiments, multivariate analyses or joint risk analyses, including the use of multiplicative model for overall risk assessment, and can subsequently be used to determine the overall risk conferred based on the genotype status at the multiple loci. Use of a multiplicative model, for example, assuming that the risk of individual risk variants multiply to establish the overall effect, allows for a straight-forward calculation of the overall risk for multiple markers. The multiplicative model is a parsimonious model that usually fits the data of complex traits reasonably well. Deviations from multiplicity have been rarely described in the context of common variants for common diseases, and if reported are usually only suggestive since very large sample sizes can be required to be able to demonstrate statistical interactions between loci. Assessment of risk based on such analysis can subsequently be used in the methods, uses and kits of the disclosure, as described herein.

In some embodiments, the significance of increased or decreased susceptibility can be measured by a percentage. In some embodiments, a significant increased susceptibility can be measured as a relative susceptibility of at least 1.2, including but not limited to: at least 1.5, at least 1.3, at least 1.4, at least 1.5, at least 1.6, at least 1.7, 1.8, at least 1.9, at least 2.0, at least 2.5, at least 3.0, at least 4.0, at least 5.0, at least 6.0, at least 7.0, at least 8.0, at least 9.0, at least 10.0, and at least 15.0 . In some embodiments, a relative susceptibility of at least 2.0, at least 3.0, at least 4.0, at least, 5.0, at least 6.0, or at least 10.0 is significant. Other values for significant susceptibility are also contemplated, for example, at least 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, or any suitable other numerical values, wherein the values are also within scope of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a significant increase in susceptibility is at least about 20%, including but not limited to about 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%,80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 800%, 900%, 1000%, and 1500%. In one particular embodiment, a significant increase in susceptibility is at least 100%. In other embodiments, a significant increase in susceptibility is at least 200%, at least 300%, at least 400%, at least 500%, at least 700%, at least 800%, at least 900% and at least 1000%. Other cutoffs or ranges as deemed suitable by the person skilled in the art to characterize the disclosure are also contemplated, and those are also within scope of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, a significant increase in susceptibility is characterized by a p-value, such as a p-value of less than 0.5, less than 0.4, less than 0.3, less than 0.2, less than 0.1, less than 0.05, less than 0.01, less than 0.001, less than 0.0001, less than 0.00001, less than 0.000001, less than 0.0000001, less than 0.00000001, or less than 0.000000001.

In some embodiments, an individual who is at a decreased susceptibility for or the lack of presence of a neurological condition can be an individual in whom at least one genetic variation, conferring decreased susceptibility for or the lack of presence of the neurological disorder is identified. In some embodiments, the genetic variations conferring decreased susceptibility are also protective. In one aspect, the genetic variations can confer a significant decreased susceptibility of or lack of presence of the neurological disorder.

In some embodiments, significant decreased susceptibility can be measured as a relative susceptibility of less than 0.9, including but not limited to less than 0.9, less than 0.8, less than 0.7, less than 0,6, less than 0.5, less than 0.4, less than 0.3, less than 0.2 and less than 0.1. In some embodiments, the decrease in susceptibility is at least 20%, including but not limited to at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% and at least 98%. Other cutoffs or ranges as deemed suitable by the person, skilled in the art to characterize the disclosure are however also contemplated, and those are also within scope of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, a significant decrease in susceptibility is characterized by a p-value, such as a p-value of less than 0.05, less than 0.01, less than 0.001, less than 0.0001, less than 0.00001, less than 0.000001, less than 0.0000001, less than 0.00000001, or less than 0.000000001. Other tests for significance can be used, for example, a Fisher-exact test. Other statistical tests of significance known to the skilled person are also contemplated and are also within scope of the disclosure.

In some preferred embodiments, the significance of increased or decreased susceptibility can be determined according to the ratio of measurements from a test subject to a reference subject. In a preferred embodiment, losses or gains of one or more CNVs can be determined according to a threshold log₂ ratio determined by these measurements. In some embodiments, a log₂ ratio value greater than 0.35 is indicative of a gain of one or more CNVs. In some embodiments, a log₂ ratio value less than −0.35 is indicative of a loss of one or more CNVs. In some embodiments, the ratio of measurements from a test subject to a reference subject may be inverted such that the log 2 ratios of copy number gains are negative and the log 2 ratios of copy number losses are positive.

In some embodiments, the combined or overall susceptibility associated with a plurality of variants associated with a neurological disorder can also be assessed; for example, the genetic variations described herein to be associated with susceptibility to a neurological disorder can be combined with other common genetic risk factors. Combined risk for such genetic variants can be estimated in an analogous fashion to the methods described herein.

Calculating risk conferred by a particular genotype for the individual can be based on comparing the genotype of the individual to previously determined risk expressed, for example, as a relative risk (RR) or an odds ratio (OR), for the genotype, for example, for a heterozygous carrier of an at-risk variant for a neurological disorder. An odds ratio can be a statistical measure used as a metric of causality. For example, in genetic disease research it can be used to convey the significance of a variant in a disease cohort relative to an unaffected/normal cohort. The calculated risk for the individual can be the relative risk for a subject, or for a specific genotype of a subject, compared to the average population. The average population risk can be expressed as a weighted average of the risks of different genotypes, using results from a reference population, and the appropriate calculations to calculate the risk of a genotype group relative to the population can then be performed. Alternatively, the risk for an individual can be based on a comparison of particular genotypes, for example, heterozygous carriers of an at-risk allele of a marker compared with non-carriers of the at-risk allele. Using the population average can, in certain embodiments, be more convenient, since it provides a measure which can be easy to interpret for the user, such as, a measure that gives the risk for the individual, based on his/her genotype, compared with the average in the population.

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, a genetic variation is correlated to a neurological disorder by referencing genetic variation data to a look-up table that comprises correlations between the genetic variation and a neurological disorder. The genetic variation in certain embodiments comprises at least one indication of the genetic variation. In some embodiments, the table comprises a correlation for one genetic variation. In other embodiments, the table comprises a correlation for a plurality of genetic variations In both scenarios, by referencing to a look-up table that gives an indication of a correlation between a genetic variation and a neurological disorder, a risk for a neurological disorder, or a susceptibility to a neurological disorder, can be identified in the individual from whom the nucleic acid sample is derived.

The present disclosure also pertains to methods of clinical screening, for example, diagnosis, prognosis, or theranosis of a subject performed by a medical professional using the methods disclosed herein. In other embodiments, the disclosure pertains to methods of screening performed by a layman. The layman can be a customer of a genotyping service. The layman can also be a genotype service provider, who performs genotype analysis on a nucleic acid sample from an individual, in order to provide service related to genetic risk factors for particular traits or diseases, based on the genotype status of the subject obtained from use of the methods described herein. The resulting genotype information can be made available to the individual and can be compared to information about neurological disorder or risk of developing a neurological disorder associated with various genetic variations, including but not limited to, information from public literature and scientific publications. The screening applications of neurological disorder-associated genetic variations, as described herein, can, for example, be performed by an individual, a health professional, or a third party, for example, a service provider who interprets genotype information from the subject.

The information derived from analyzing sequence data can be communicated to any particular body, including the individual from which the nucleic acid sample or sequence data is derived, a guardian or representative of the individual, clinician, research professional, medical professional, service provider, and medical insurer or insurance company. Medical professionals can be, for example, doctors, nurses, medical laboratory technologists, and pharmacists. Research professionals can be, for example, principle investigators, research technicians, postdoctoral trainees, and graduate students.

In some embodiments, a professional can be assisted by determining whether specific genetic variants are present in a nucleic acid sample from a subject, and communicating information about genetic variants to a professional. After information about specific genetic variants is reported, a medical professional can take one or more actions that can affect subject care. For example, a medical professional can record information in the subject's medical record regarding the subject's risk of developing a neurological disorder. In some embodiments, a medical professional can record information regarding risk assessment, or otherwise transform the subject's medical record, to reflect the subject's current medical condition. In some embodiments, a medical professional can review and evaluate a subject's entire medical record and assess multiple treatment strategies for clinical intervention of a subject's condition.

A medical professional can initiate or modify treatment after receiving information regarding a subject's screening of a neurological disorder, for example. In some embodiments, a medical professional can recommend a change in therapy. In some embodiments, a medical professional can enroll a subject in a clinical trial for, by way of example, detecting correlations between a haplotype as described herein and any measurable or quantifiable parameter relating to the outcome of the treatment as described above.

In some embodiments, a medical professional can communicate information regarding a subject's screening of developing a neurological disorder to a subject or a subject's family. In some embodiments, a medical professional can provide a subject and/or a subject's family with information regarding a neurological disorder and risk assessment information, including treatment options, and referrals to specialists. In some embodiments, a medical professional can provide a copy of a subject's medical records to a specialist. In some embodiments, a research professional can apply information regarding a subject's risk of developing a neurological disorder to advance scientific research. In some embodiments, a research professional can obtain a subject's haplotype as described herein to evaluate a subject's enrollment, or continued participation, in a research study or clinical trial. In some embodiments, a research professional can communicate information regarding a subject's screening of a neurological disorder to a medical professional. In some embodiments, a research professional can refer a subject to a medical professional.

Any appropriate method can be used to communicate information to another person. For example, information can be given directly or indirectly to a professional and a laboratory technician can input a subject's genetic variation as described herein into a computer-based record. In some embodiments, information is communicated by making a physical alteration to medical or research records. For example, a medical professional can make a permanent notation or flag a medical record for communicating the risk assessment to other medical professionals reviewing the record. In addition, any type of communication can be used to communicate the risk assessment information. For example, mail, e-mail, telephone, and face-to-face interactions can be used. The information also can be communicated to a professional by making that information electronically available to the professional. For example, the information can be communicated to a professional by placing the information on a computer database such that the professional can access the information. In addition, the information can be communicated to a hospital, clinic, or research facility serving as an agent for the professional.

Results of these tests, and optionally interpretive information, can be returned to the subject, the health care provider or to a third party. The results can be communicated to the tested subject, for example, with a prognosis and optionally interpretive materials that can help the subject understand the test results and prognosis; used by a health care provider, for example, to determine whether to administer a specific drug, or whether a subject should be assigned to a specific category, for example, a category associated with a specific disease endophenotype, or with drug response or non-response; used by a third party such as a healthcare payer, for example, an insurance company or HMO, or other agency, to determine whether or not to reimburse a health care provider for services to the subject, or whether to approve the provision of services to the subject. For example, the healthcare payer can decide to reimburse a health care provider for treatments for a neurological disorder if the subject has a neurological disorder or has an increased risk of developing a neurological disorder.

Also provided herein are databases that include a list of genetic variations as described herein, and wherein the list can be largely or entirely limited to genetic variations identified as useful for screening a neurological disorder as described herein. The list can be stored, for example, on a flat file or computer-readable medium. The databases can further include information regarding one or more subjects, for example, whether a subject is affected or unaffected, clinical information such as endophenotype, age of onset of symptoms, any treatments administered and outcomes, for example, data relevant to pharmacogenomics, diagnostics, prognostics or theranostics, and other details, for example, data about the disorder in the subject, or environmental or other genetic factors. The databases can be used to detect correlations between a particular haplotype and the information regarding the subject.

The methods described herein can also include the generation of reports for use, for example, by a subject, care giver, or researcher, that include information regarding a subject's genetic variations, and optionally further information such as treatments administered, treatment history, medical history, predicted response, and actual response. The reports can be recorded in a tangible medium, e.g., a computer-readable disk, a solid state memory device, or an optical storage device.

Methods of Screening Using Variations in Polypeptides

In some embodiments of the disclosure, screening of a neurological disorder can be made by examining or comparing changes in expression, localization, binding partners, and composition of a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid associated with a neurological disorder, for example, in those instances where the genetic variations of the present disclosure results in a change in the composition or expression of the polypeptide and/or RNA, for example, mRNAs, miRNAs, and other noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Thus, screening of a neurological disorder can be made by examining expression and/or composition of one of these polypeptides and/or RNA, or another polypeptide and/or RNA encoded by a nucleic acid associated with a neurological disorder, in those instances where the genetic variation of the present disclosure results in a change in the expression, localization, binding partners, and/or composition of the polypeptide and/or RNA. In some embodiments, screening can comprise diagnosing a subject. In some embodiments, screening can comprise determining a prognosis of a subject, for example, determining the susceptibility of developing a neurological disorder. In some embodiments, screening can comprise theranosing a subject.

The genetic variations described herein that show association to a neurological disorder can play a role through their effect on one or more of these nearby genes. For example, while not intending to be limited by theory, it is generally expected that a deletion of a chromosomal segment comprising a particular gene, or a fragment of a gene, can either result in an altered composition or expression, or both, of the encoded polypeptide and/or mRNA. Likewise, duplications, or high number copy number variations, are in general expected to result in increased expression of encoded polypeptide and/or RNA. Other possible mechanisms affecting genes within a genetic variation region include, for example, effects on transcription, effects on RNA splicing, alterations in relative amounts of alternative splice forms of mRNA, effects on RNA stability, effects on transport from the nucleus to cytoplasm, and effects on the efficiency and accuracy of translation. Thus, DNA variations can be detected directly, using the subjects unamplified or amplified genomic DNA, or indirectly, using RNA or DNA obtained from the subject's tissue(s) that are present in an aberrant form or expression level as a result of the genetic variations of the disclosure showing association to a neurological disorder.

In some embodiments, the genetic variations of the disclosure showing association to a neurological disorder can affect the expression of a gene within the genetic variation region. In some embodiments, a genetic variation affecting an exonic region of a gene can affect, disrupt, or modulate the expression of the gene. In some embodiments, a genetic variation affecting an intergenic region of a gene can affect, disrupt, or modulate the expression of the gene. Certain genetic variation regions can have flanking duplicated segments, and genes within such segments can have altered expression and/or composition as a result of such genomic alterations. Regulatory element affecting gene expression can be located far away, even as far as tens or hundreds of kilobases away, from the promoter region of a gene. Thus, in some embodiments, regulatory elements for genes that are located outside the genetic variation region can be located within the genetic variation, and thus be affected by the genetic variation. It is thus contemplated that the detection of the genetic variations described herein, can be used for assessing expression for one or more of associated genes not directly impacted by the genetic variations. In some embodiments, a genetic variation affecting an intergenic region of a gene can affect, disrupt, or modulate the expression of a gene located elsewhere in the genome, such as described above. For example, a genetic variation affecting an intergenic region of a gene can affect, disrupt, or modulate the expression of a transcription factor, located elsewhere in the genome, which regulates the gene.

In some embodiments, genetic variations of the disclosure showing association to a neurological disorder can affect polypeptide expression at the translational level. It can be appreciated by those skilled in the art that this can occur by increased or decreased expression of one or more microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulates expression of a polypeptide known to be important, or implicated, in the cause, onset, or progression of the neurological disease. Increased or decreased expression of the one or more miRNAs can result from gain or loss of the whole miRNA gene, disruption of a portion of the gene (e.g., by an indel or CNV), or even a single base change (SNP or SNV) that produces an altered, non-functional or aberrant functioning miRNA sequence. It can also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the expression of polypeptide, for example, one known to cause a neurological disease by increased or decreased expression, can result due to a genetic variation that results in alteration of an existing miRNA binding site within the polypeptide's mRNA transcript, or even creates a new miRNA binding site that leads to aberrant polypeptide expression.

A variety of methods can be used for detecting polypeptide composition and/or expression levels, including but not limited to enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), Western blots, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, peptide arrays, colorimetry, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, immunoprecipitations, immunoassays, and immunofluorescence and other methods well-known in the art. A test nucleic acid sample from a subject can be assessed for the presence of an alteration in the expression and/or an alteration in composition of the polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid associated with a neurological disorder. An “alteration” in the polypeptide expression or composition, as used herein, refers to an alteration in expression or composition in a test nucleic acid sample, as compared to the expression or composition of the polypeptide in a control nucleic acid sample. Such alteration can, for example, be an alteration in the quantitative polypeptide expression or can be an alteration in the qualitative polypeptide expression, for example, expression of a mutant polypeptide or of a different splicing variant, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, screening of a neurological disorder can be made by detecting a particular splicing variant encoded by a nucleic acid associated with a neurological disorder, or a particular pattern of splicing variants.

Antibodies can be polyclonal or monoclonal and can be labeled or unlabeled. An intact antibody or a fragment thereof can be used. The term “labeled”, with regard to the probe or antibody, is intended to encompass direct labeling of the probe or antibody by coupling a detectable substance to the probe or antibody, as well as indirect labeling of the probe or antibody by reactivity with another reagent that is directly labeled as previously described herein. Other non-limiting examples of indirect labeling include detection of a primary antibody using a labeled secondary antibody, for example, a fluorescently-labeled secondary antibody and end-labeling of a DNA probe with biotin such that it can be detected with fluorescently-labeled streptavidin.

Detecting Genetic Variations Associated with Parkinson's Disease

Described herein, are methods that can be used to detect genetic variations. Detecting specific genetic variations, for example, polymorphic markers and/or haplotypes, copy number, absence or presence of an allele, or genotype associated with a neurological disorder as described herein, can be accomplished by methods known in the art for analyzing nucleic acids and/or detecting sequences at polymorphic or genetically variable sites, for example, amplification techniques, hybridization techniques, sequencing, arrays, or any combination thereof. Thus, by use of these methods disclosed herein or other methods available to the person skilled in the art, one or more alleles at polymorphic markers, including microsatellites, SNPs, CNVs, or other types of genetic variations, can be identified in a nucleic acid sample obtained from a subject.

Nucleic Acids

The nucleic acids and polypeptides described herein can be used in methods and kits of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, aptamers that specifically bind the nucleic acids and polypeptides described herein can be used in methods and kits of the present disclosure. As used herein, a nucleic acid can comprise a deoxyribonucleotide (DNA) or ribonucleotide (RNA), whether singular or in polymers, naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring, double-stranded or single-stranded, coding, for example, a translated gene, or non-coding, for example, a regulatory region, or any fragments, derivatives, mimetics or complements thereof. In some embodiments, nucleic acids can comprise oligonucleotides, nucleotides, polynucleotides, nucleic acid sequences, genomic sequences, antisense nucleic acids, DNA regions, probes, primers, genes, regulatory regions, introns, exons, open-reading frames, binding sites, target nucleic acids and allele-specific nucleic acids.

A “probe,” as used herein, includes a nucleic acid fragment for examining a nucleic acid in a specimen using the hybridization reaction based on the complementarity of nucleic acid.

A “hybrid” as used herein, includes a double strand formed between any one of the abovementioned nucleic acid, within the same type, or across different types, including DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, RNA-RNA or the like.

“Isolated” nucleic acids, as used herein, are separated from nucleic acids that normally flank the gene or nucleotide sequence (as in genomic sequences) and/or has been completely or partially purified from other transcribed sequences (e.g., as in an RNA library). For example, isolated nucleic acids of the disclosure can be substantially isolated with respect to the complex cellular milieu in which it naturally occurs, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. In some instances, the isolated material can form part of a composition, for example, a crude extract containing other substances, buffer system or reagent mix. In some embodiments, the material can be purified to essential homogeneity using methods known in the art, for example, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) or column chromatography (e.g., HPLC). With regard to genomic DNA (gDNA), the term “isolated” also can refer to nucleic acids that are separated from the chromosome with which the genomic DNA is naturally associated. For example, the isolated nucleic acid molecule can contain less than about 250 kb, 200 kb, 150 kb, 100 kb, 75 kb, 50 kb, 25 kb, 10 kb, 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb or 0.1 kb of the nucleotides that flank the nucleic acid molecule in the gDNA of the cell from which the nucleic acid molecule is derived.

Nucleic acids can be fused to other coding or regulatory sequences can be considered isolated. For example, recombinant DNA contained in a vector is included in the definition of “isolated” as used herein. In some embodiments, isolated nucleic acids can include recombinant DNA molecules in heterologous host cells or heterologous organisms, as well as partially or substantially purified DNA molecules in solution. Isolated nucleic acids also encompass in vivo and in vitro RNA transcripts of the DNA molecules of the present disclosure. An isolated nucleic acid molecule or nucleotide sequence can be synthesized chemically or by recombinant means. Such isolated nucleotide sequences can be useful, for example, in the manufacture of the encoded polypeptide, as probes for isolating homologous sequences (e.g., from other mammalian species), for gene mapping (e.g., by in situ hybridization with chromosomes), or for detecting expression of the gene, in tissue (e.g., human tissue), such as by Northern blot analysis or other hybridization techniques disclosed herein. The disclosure also pertains to nucleic acid sequences that hybridize under high stringency hybridization conditions, such as for selective hybridization, to a nucleotide sequence described herein Such nucleic acid sequences can be detected and/or isolated by allele- or sequence-specific hybridization (e.g., under high stringency conditions). Stringency conditions and methods for nucleic acid hybridizations are well known to the skilled person (see, e.g., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, F. et al., John Wiley & Sons, (1998), and Kraus, M. and Aaronson, S., Methods Enzymol., 200:546-556 (1991), the entire teachings of which are incorporated by reference herein.

Calculations of “identity” or “percent identity” between two or more nucleotide or amino acid sequences can be determined by aligning the sequences for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of a first sequence). The nucleotides at corresponding positions are then compared, and the percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e., % identity=# of identical positions/total # of positions×100). For example, a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. In some embodiments, the length of a sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 95%, of the length of the reference sequence. The actual comparison of the two sequences can be accomplished by well-known methods, for example, using a mathematical algorithm. A non-limiting example of such a mathematical algorithm is described in Karlin, S. and Altschul, S., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90-5873-5877 (1993). Such an algorithm is incorporated into the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0), as described in Altschul, S. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 25:3389-3402 (1997). When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, any relevant parameters of the respective programs (e.g., NBLAST) can be used. For example, parameters for sequence comparison can be set at score=100, word length=12, or can be varied (e.g. , W=5 or W=20). Other examples include the algorithm of Myers and Miller, CABIOS (1989), ADVANCE, ADAM, BLAT, and FASTA. In some embodiments, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be accomplished using, for example, the GAP program in the GCG software package (Accelrys, Cambridge, UK).

“Probes” or “primers” can be oligonucleotides that hybridize in a base-specific manner to a complementary strand of a nucleic acid molecule. Probes can include primers, which can be a single-stranded oligonucleotide probe that can act as a point of initiation of template-directed DNA synthesis using methods including but not limited to, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligase chain reaction (LCR) for amplification of a target sequence. Oligonucleotides, as described herein, can include segments or fragments of nucleic acid sequences, or their complements. In some embodiments, DNA segments can be between 5 and 10,000 contiguous bases, and can range from 5, 10, 12, 15, 20, or 25 nucleotides to 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 or 10,000 nucleotides. In addition to DNA and RNA, probes and primers can include polypeptide nucleic acids (PNA), as described in Nielsen, P. et al., Science 254: 1497-1500 (1991). A probe or primer can comprise a region of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes to at least about 15, typically about 20-25, and in certain embodiments about 40, 50 or 75, consecutive nucleotides of a nucleic acid molecule.

The present disclosure also provides isolated nucleic acids, for example, probes or primers, that contain a fragment or portion that can selectively hybridize to a nucleic acid that comprises, or consists of, a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence can comprise at least one polymorphism or polymorphic allele contained in the genetic variations described herein or the wild-type nucleotide that is located at the same position, or the compliments thereof. In some embodiments, the probe or primer can be at least 70% identical, at least 80% identical, at least 85% identical, at least 90% identical, or at least 95% identical, to the contiguous nucleotide sequence or to the complement of the contiguous nucleotide sequence.

In a preferred embodiment, a nucleic acid probe can be an oligonucleotide capable of hybridizing with a complementary regions of a gene associated with a neurological disorder containing a genetic variation described herein. The nucleic acid fragments of the disclosure can be used as probes or primers in assays such as those described herein.

The nucleic acids of the disclosure, such as those described above, can be identified and isolated using standard molecular biology techniques well known to the skilled person. In some embodiments, DNA can be amplified and/or can be labeled (e.g., radiolabeled, fluorescently labeled) and used as a probe for screening, for example, a cDNA library derived from an organism. cDNA can be derived from mRNA and can be contained in a suitable vector. For example, corresponding clones can be isolated, DNA obtained fallowing in vivo excision, and the cloned insert can be sequenced in either or both orientations by art-recognized methods to identify the correct reading frame encoding a polypeptide of the appropriate molecular weight. Using these or similar methods, the polypeptide and the DNA encoding the polypeptide can be isolated, sequenced and further characterized.

In some embodiments, nucleic acid can comprise one or more polymorphisms, variations, or mutations, for example, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), copy number variations (CNVs), for example, insertions, deletions, inversions, and translocations. In some embodiments, nucleic acids can comprise analogs, for example, phosphorothioates, phosphoramidates, methyl phosphonate, chiralmethyl phosphonates, 2-0-methyl ribonucleotides, or modified nucleic acids, for example, modified backbone residues or linkages, or nucleic acids combined with carbohydrates, lipids, polypeptide or other materials, or peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), for example, chromatin, ribosomes, and transcriptosomes. In some embodiments nucleic acids can comprise nucleic acids in various structures, for example, A DNA, B DNA, Z-form DNA, siRNA, tRNA, and ribozymes. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid may be naturally or non-naturally polymorphic, for example, having one or more sequence differences, for example, additions, deletions and/or substitutions, as compared to a reference sequence. In some embodiments, a reference sequence can be based on publicly available information, for example, the U.C. Santa Cruz Human Genome Browser Gateway (genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway) or the NCBI website (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). In some embodiments, a reference sequence can be determined by a practitioner of the present disclosure using methods well known in the art, for example, by sequencing a reference nucleic acid.

In some embodiment a probe can hybridize to an allele, SNP, or CNV as described herein. In some embodiments, the probe can bind to another marker sequence associated with a neurological disorder as described herein.

One of skill in the art would know how to design a probe so that sequence specific hybridization can occur only if a particular allele is present in a genomic sequence from a test nucleic acid sample. The disclosure can also be reduced to practice using any convenient genotyping method, including commercially available technologies and methods for genotyping particular genetic variations

Control probes can also be used, for example, a probe that binds a less variable sequence, for example, a repetitive DNA associated with a centromere of a chromosome, can be used as a control. In some embodiments, probes can be obtained from commercial sources. In some embodiments, probes can be synthesized, for example, chemically or in vitro, or made from chromosomal or genomic DNA through standard techniques. In some embodiments sources of DNA that can be used include genomic DNA, cloned DNA sequences, somatic cell hybrids that contain one, or a part of one, human chromosome along with the normal chromosome complement of the host, and chromosomes purified by flow cytometry or microdissection. The region of interest can be isolated through cloning, or by site-specific amplification using PCR.

One or more nucleic acids for example, a probe or primer, can also be labeled, for example, by direct labeling, to comprise a detectable label. A detectable label can comprise any label capable of detection by a physical, chemical, or a biological process for example, a radioactive label, such as ³²P or ³H, a fluorescent label, such as FITC, a chromophore label, an affinity-ligand label, an enzyme label, such as alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, or I2 galactosidase, an enzyme cofactor label, a hapten conjugate label, such as digoxigenin or dinitrophenyl, a Raman signal generating label, a magnetic label, a spin label, an epitope label, such as the FLAG or HA epitope, a luminescent label, a heavy atom label, a nanoparticle label, an electrochemical label, a light scattering label, a spherical shell label, semiconductor nanocrystal label, such as quantum dots (described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,392), and probes labeled with any other signal generating label known to those of skill in the art, wherein a label can allow the probe to be visualized with or without a secondary detection molecule. A nucleotide can be directly incorporated into a probe with standard techniques, for example, nick translation, random priming, and PCR labeling. A “signal,” as used herein, include a signal suitably detectable and measurable by appropriate means, including fluorescence, radioactivity, chemiluminescence, and the like.

Non-limiting examples of label moieties useful for detection include, without limitation, suitable enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; members of a binding pair that are capable of forming complexes such as streptavidin/biotin, avidin/biotin or an antigen/antibody complex including, for example, rabbit IgG and anti-rabbit IgG; fluorophores such as umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, tetramethyl rhodamine, eosin, green fluorescent protein, erythrosin, coumarin, methyl coumarin, pyrene, malachite green, stilbene, lucifer yellow, Cascade Blue, Texas Red, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride, phycoerythrin, fluorescent lanthanide complexes such as those including Europium and Terbium, cyanine dye family members, such as Cy3 and Cy5, molecular beacons and fluorescent derivatives thereof, as well as others known in the art as described, for example, in Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Joseph R. Lakowicz (Editor), Plenum Pub Corp, 2nd edition (July 1999) and the 6th Edition of the Molecular Probes Handbook by Richard P. Hoagland; a luminescent material such as luminol; light scattering or plasmon resonant materials such as gold or silver particles or quantum dots; or radioactive material include ¹⁴C, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, Tc99m, ³²P, ³³P, ³⁵S or ³H.

Other labels can also be used in the methods of the present disclosure, for example, backbone labels. Backbone labels comprise nucleic acid stains that bind nucleic acids in a sequence independent manner. Non-limiting examples include intercalating dyes such as phenanthridines and acridines (e.g., ethidium bromide, propidium iodide, hexidium iodide, dihydroethidium, ethidium homodimer-1 and -2, ethidium monoazide, and ACMA); some minor grove binders such as indoles and imidazoles (e.g., Hoechst 33258, Hoechst 33342, Hoechst 34580 and DAPI); and miscellaneous nucleic acid stains such as acridine orange (also capable of intercalating), 7-AAD, actinomycin D, LDS751, and hydroxystilbamidine. All of the aforementioned nucleic acid stains are commercially available from suppliers such as Molecular Probes, Inc. Still other examples of nucleic acid stains include the following dyes from Molecular Probes: cyanine dyes such as SYTOX Blue, SYTOX Green, SYTOX Orange, POPO-1, POPO-3, YOYO-1, YOYO-3, TOTO-1, TOTO-3, JOJO-1, LOLO-1, BOBO-1, BOBO-3, PO-PRO-1, PO-PRO-3, BO-PRO-1, BO-PRO-3, TO-PRO-1, TO-PRO-3, TO-PRO-5, JO-PRO-1, LO-PRO-1, YO-PRO-1, YO-PRO-3, PicoGreen, OliGreen, RiboGreen, SYBR Gold, SYBR Green I, SYBR Green II, SYBR DX, SYTO-40, -41, -42, -43, -44, -45 (blue), SYTO-13, -16, -24, -21, -23, -12, -11, -20, -22, -15, -14, -25 (green), SYTO-81, -80, -82, -83, -84, -85 (orange), SYTO-64, -17, -59, -61, -62, -60, -63 (red).

In some embodiments, fluorophores of different colors can be chosen, for example, 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA), 5-(and-6)-carboxy-X-rhodamine, lissamine rhodamine B, 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein, fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC), 7-diethylaminocoumarin-3-carboxylic acid, tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and-6)-isothiocyanate, 5-(and-6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine, 7-hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid, 6-[fluorescein 5-(and-6)-carboxamido]hexanoic acid, N-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a diaza-3-indacenepropionic acid, eosin-5-isothiocyanate, erythrosin-5-isothiocyanate, TRITC, rhodamine, tetramethylrhodamine, R-phycoerythrin, Cy-3, Cy-5, Cy-7, Texas Red, Phar-Red, allophycocyanin (APC), and CASCADE™ blue acetylazide, such that each probe in or not in a set can be distinctly visualized. In some embodiments, fluorescently labeled probes can be viewed with a fluorescence microscope and an appropriate filter for each fluorophore, or by using dual or triple band-pass filter sets to observe multiple fluorophores. In some embodiments, techniques such as flow cytometry can be used to examine the hybridization pattern of the probes.

In other embodiments, the probes can be indirectly labeled, for example, with biotin or digoxygenin, or labeled with radioactive isotopes such as ³²P and/or ³H. As a non-limiting example, a probe indirectly labeled with biotin can be detected by avidin conjugated to a detectable marker. For example, avidin can be conjugated to an enzymatic marker such as alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase. In some embodiments, enzymatic markers can be detected using colorimetric reactions using a substrate and/or a catalyst for the enzyme. In some embodiments, catalysts for alkaline phosphatase can be used, for example, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolylphosphate and nitro blue tetrazolium. In some embodiments, a catalyst can be used for horseradish peroxidase, for example, diaminobenzoate.

Methods of Detecting Genetic Variations

In some embodiments, standard techniques for genotyping for the presence genetic variations, for example, amplification, can be used. Amplification of nucleic acids can be accomplished using methods known in the art. Generally, sequence information from the region of interest can be used to design oligonucleotide primers that can be identical or similar in sequence to opposite strands of a template to be amplified. In some embodiments, amplification methods can include but are not limited to, fluorescence-based techniques utilizing PCR, for example, ligase chain reaction (LCR), Nested PCR, transcription amplification, self-sustained sequence replication, nucleic acid based sequence amplification (NASBA), and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Guidelines for selecting primers for PCR amplification are well known in the art. In some embodiments, a computer program can be used to design primers, for example, Oligo (National Biosciences, Inc, Plymouth Minn.), MacVector (Kodak/IBI), and GCG suite of sequence analysis programs.

In some embodiments, commercial methodologies available for genotyping, for example, SNP genotyping, can be used, but are not limited to, TaqMan genotyping assays (Applied Biosystems), SNPlex platforms (Applied Biosystems), gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, for example, MassARRAY system (Sequenom), minisequencing methods, real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Bio-Plex system (BioRad), CEQ and SNPstream systems (Beckman), array hybridization technology, for example, Affymetrix GeneChip (Perlegen), BeadArray Technologies, for example, Illumina GoldenGate and Infinium assays, array tag technology, Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA), and endonuclease-based fluorescence hybridization technology (Invader; Third Wave). PCR can be a procedure in which target nucleic acid is amplified in a manner similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195 and subsequent modifications of the procedure described therein. PCR can include a three phase temperature cycle of denaturation of DNA into single strands, annealing of primers to the denatured strands, and extension of the primers by a thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme. This cycle can be repeated so that there are enough copies to be detected and analyzed. In some embodiments, real-time quantitative PCR can be used to determine genetic variations, wherein quantitative PCR can permit both detection and quantification of a DNA sequence in a nucleic acid sample, for example, as an absolute number of copies or as a relative amount when normalized to DNA input or other normalizing genes. In some embodiments, methods of quantification can include the use of fluorescent dyes that can intercalate with double-stranded DNA, and modified DNA oligonucleotide probes that can fluoresce when hybridized with a complementary DNA.

In some embodiments of the disclosure, a nucleic acid sample obtained from the subject can be collected and PCR can used to amplify a fragment of nucleic acid that comprises one or more genetic variations that can be indicative of a susceptibility to a neurological disorder. In some embodiments, detection of genetic variations can be accomplished by expression analysis, for example, by using quantitative PCR. In some embodiments, this technique can assess the presence or absense of a genetic alteration in the expression or composition of one or more polypeptides or splicing variants encoded by a nucleic acid associated with a neurological disorder.

In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid sample from a subject containing a SNP can be amplified by PCR prior to detection with a probe. In such an embodiment, the amplified DNA serves as the template for a detection probe and, in some embodiments, an enhancer probe. Certain embodiments of the detection probe, the enhancer probe, and/or the primers used for amplification of the template by PCR can comprise the use of modified bases, for example, modified A, T, C, G, and U, wherein the use of modified bases can be useful for adjusting the melting temperature of the nucleotide probe and/or primer to the template DNA. In a preferred embodiment, modified bases are used in the design of the detection nucleotide probe. Any modified base known to the skilled person can be selected in these methods, and the selection of suitable bases is well within the scope of the skilled person based on the teachings herein and known bases available from commercial sources as known to the skilled person.

In some embodiments, identification of genetic variations can be accomplished using hybridization methods. The presence of a specific marker allele or a particular genomic segment comprising a genetic variation, or representative of a genetic variation, can be indicated by sequence-specific hybridization of a nucleic acid probe specific for the particular allele or the genetic variation in a nucleic acid sample that has or has not been amplified but methods described herein. The presence of more than one specific marker allele or several genetic variations can be indicated by using two or more sequence-specific nucleic acid probes, wherein each is specific for a particular allele and/or genetic variation.

Hybridization can be performed by methods well known to the person skilled in the art, for example, hybridization techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), Southern analysis, Northern analysis, or in situ hybridization. In some embodiments, hybridization refers to specific hybridization, wherein hybridization can be performed with no mismatches. Specific hybridization, if present, can be using standard methods. In some embodiments, if specific hybridization occurs between a nucleic acid probe and the nucleic acid in the nucleic acid sample, the nucleic acid sample can contain a sequence that can be complementary to a nucleotide present in the nucleic acid probe. In some embodiments, if a nucleic acid probe can contain a particular allele of a polymorphic marker, or particular alleles for a plurality of markers, specific hybridization is indicative of the nucleic acid being completely complementary to the nucleic acid probe, including the particular alleles at polymorphic markers within the probe. In some embodiments a probe can contain more than one marker alleles of a particular haplotype, for example, a probe can contain alleles complementary to 2, 3, 4, 5 or all of the markers that make up a particular haplotype. In some embodiments detection of one or more particular markers of the haplotype in the nucleic acid sample is indicative that the source of the nucleic acid sample has the particular haplotype.

In some embodiments, PCR conditions and primers can be developed that amplify a product only when the variant allele is present or only when the wild type allele is present, for example, allele-specific PCR. In some embodiments of allele-specific PCR, a method utilizing a detection oligonucleotide probe comprising a fluorescent moiety or group at its 3′ terminus and a quencher at its 5′ terminus, and an enhancer oligonucleotide, can be employed, as described by Kutyavin et al. (Nucleic Acid Res. 34:e128 (2006)).

An allele-specific primer/probe can be an oligonucleotide that is specific for particular a polymorphism can be prepared using standard methods. In some embodiments, allele-specific oligonucleotide probes can specifically hybridize to a nucleic acid region that contains a genetic variation. In some embodiments, hybridization conditions can be selected such that a nucleic acid probe can specifically bind to the sequence of interest, for example, the variant nucleic acid sequence.

In some embodiments, allele-specific restriction digest analysis can be used to detect the existence of a polymorphic variant of a polymorphism, if alternate polymorphic variants of the polymorphism can result in the creation or elimination of a restriction site. Allele-specific restriction digests can be performed, for example, with the particular restriction enzyme that can differentiate the alleles. In some embodiments, PCR can be used to amplify a region comprising the polymorphic site, and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis can be conducted. In some embodiments, for sequence variants that do not alter a common restriction site, mutagenic primers can be designed that can introduce one or more restriction sites when the variant allele is present or when the wild type allele is present.

In some embodiments, fluorescence polarization template-directed dye-terminator incorporation (FP-TDI) can be used to determine which of multiple polymorphic variants of a polymorphism can be present in a subject. Unlike the use of allele-specific probes or primers, this method can employ primers that can terminate adjacent to a polymorphic site, so that extension of the primer by a single nucleotide can result in incorporation of a nucleotide complementary to the polymorphic variant at the polymorphic site.

In some embodiments, DNA containing an amplified portion can be dot-blotted, using standard methods and the blot contacted with the oligonucleotide probe. The presence of specific hybridization of the probe to the DNA can then be detected. The methods can include determining the genotype of a subject with respect to both copies of the polymorphic site present in the genome, wherein if multiple polymorphic variants exist at a site, this can be appropriately indicated by specifying which variants are present in a subject. Any of the detection means described herein can be used to determine the genotype of a subject with respect to one or both copies of the polymorphism present in the subject's genome.

In some embodiments, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe can be used in addition to, or instead of, a nucleic acid probe in the methods described herein. A PNA can be a DNA mimic having a peptide-like, inorganic backbone, for example, N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine units with an organic base (A, G, C, T or U) attached to the glycine nitrogen via a methylene carbonyl linker.

Nucleic acid sequence analysis can also be used to detect genetic variations, for example, genetic variations can be detected by sequencing exons, introns, 5′ untranslated sequences, or 3′ untranslated sequences. One or more methods of nucleic acid analysis that are available to those skilled in the art can be used to detect genetic variations, including but not limited to, direct manual sequencing, automated fluorescent sequencing, single-stranded conformation polymorphism assays (SSCP); clamped denaturing gel electrophoresis (CDGE); denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE or TDGE); conformational sensitive gel electrophoresis (CSGE); denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC), infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (IR-MALDI) mass spectrometry, mobility shift analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, restriction enzyme analysis, heteroduplex analysis; chemical mismatch cleavage (CMC), RNase protection assays, use of polypeptides that recognize nucleotide mismatches, allele-specific PCR, real-time pyrophosphate DNA sequencing, PCR amplification in combination with denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC), and combinations of such methods.

Sequencing can be accomplished through classic Sanger sequencing methods, which are known in the art. In a preferred embodiment sequencing can be performed using high-throughput sequencing methods some of which allow detection of a sequenced nucleotide immediately after or upon its incorporation into a growing strand, for example, detection of sequence in substantially real time or real time. In some cases, high throughput sequencing generates at least 1,000, at least 5,000, at least 10,000, at least 20,000, at least 30,000, at least 40,000, at least 50,000, at least 100,000 or at least 500,000 sequence reads per hour; with each read being at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 120 or at least 150 bases per read (or 500-1,000 bases per read for 454).

High-throughput sequencing methods can include but are not limited to, Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS, Lynx Therapeutics), Polony sequencing, 454 pyrosequencing, Illumina (Solexa) sequencing, SOLiD sequencing, on semiconductor sequencing, DNA nanoball sequencing, Helioscope™ single molecule sequencing, Single Molecule SMRT™ sequencing, Single Molecule real time (RNAP) sequencing, Nanopore DNA sequencing, and/or sequencing by hybridization, for example, a non-enzymatic method that uses a DNA microarray, or microfluidic Sanger sequencing.

In some embodiments, high-throughput sequencing can involve the use of technology available by Helicos BioSciences Corporation (Cambridge, Mass.) such as the Single Molecule Sequencing by Synthesis (SMSS) method. SMSS is unique because it allows for sequencing the entire human genome in up to 24 hours. This fast sequencing method also allows for detection of a SNP/nucleotide in a sequence in substantially real time or real time. Finally, SMSS is powerful because, like the MIP technology, it does not use a pre-amplification step prior to hybridization. SMSS does not use any amplification. SMSS is described in US Publication Application Nos. 20060024711; 20060024678; 20060012793; 20060012784; and 20050100932. In some embodiments, high-throughput sequencing involves the use of technology available by 454 Life Sciences, Inc. (a Roche company, Branford, Conn.) such as the PicoTiterPlate device which includes a fiber optic plate that transmits chemiluminescent signal generated by the sequencing reaction to be recorded by a CCD camera in the instrument. This use of fiber optics allows for the detection of a minimum of 20 million base pairs in 4.5 hours.

In some embodiments, PCR-amplified single-strand nucleic acid can be hybridized to a primer and incubated with a polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, luciferase, apyrase, and the substrates luciferin and adenosine 5′ phosphosulfate. Next, deoxynucleotide triphosphates corresponding to the bases A, C, G, and T (U) can be added sequentially. A base incorporation can be accompanied by release of pyrophosphate, which can be converted to ATP by sulfurylase, which can drive synthesis of oxyluciferin and the release of visible light. Since pyrophosphate release can be equimolar with the number of incorporated bases, the light given off can be proportional to the number of nucleotides adding in any one step. The process can repeat until the entire sequence can be determined. In some embodiments, pyrosequencing can be utilized to analyze amplicons to determine whether breakpoints are present. In some embodiments, pyrosequencing can map surrounding sequences as an internal quality control.

Pyrosequencing analysis methods are known in the art. Sequence analysis can include a four-color sequencing by ligation scheme (degenerate ligation), which involves hybridizing an anchor primer to one of four positions. Then an enzymatic ligation reaction of the anchor primer to a population of degenerate nonamers that are labeled with fluorescent dyes can be performed. At any given cycle, the population of nonamers that is used can be structured such that the identity of one of its positions can be correlated with the identity of the fluorophore attached to that nonamer. To the extent that the ligase discriminates for complementarily at that queried position, the fluorescent signal can allow the inference of the identity of the base. After performing the ligation and four-color imaging, the anchor primer: nonamer complexes can be stripped and a new cycle begins. Methods to image sequence information after performing ligation are known in the art.

In some embodiments, analysis by restriction enzyme digestion can be used to detect a particular genetic variation if the genetic variation results in creation or elimination of one or more restriction sites relative to a reference sequence. In some embodiments, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis can be conducted, wherein the digestion pattern of the relevant DNA fragment indicates the presence or absence of the particular genetic variation in the nucleic acid sample.

In some embodiments, arrays of oligonucleotide probes that can be complementary to target nucleic acid sequence segments from a subject can be used to identify genetic variations. In some embodiments, an array of oligonucleotide probes comprises an oligonucleotide array, for example, a microarray. In some embodiments, the present disclosure features arrays that include a substrate having a plurality of addressable areas, and methods of using them. At least one area of the plurality includes a nucleic acid probe that binds specifically to a sequence comprising a genetic variation, and can be used to detect the absence or presence of the genetic variation, for example, one or more SNPs, microsatellites, or CNVs, as described herein, to determine or identify an allele or genotype. For example, the array can include one or more nucleic acid probes that can be used to detect a genetic variation associated with a gene and/or gene product such as those listed in Table 2 or 3. In some embodiments, the array can further comprise at least one area that includes a nucleic acid probe that can be used to specifically detect another marker associated with a neurological disorder, for example, Parkinson's Disease, as described herein.

Microarray hybridization can be performed by hybridizing a nucleic acid of interest, for example, a nucleic acid encompassing a genetic variation, with the array and detecting hybridization using nucleic acid probes. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid of interest is amplified prior to hybridization. Hybridization and detecting can be carried out according to standard methods described in Published PCT Applications: WO 92/10092 and WO 95/11995, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,186. For example, an array can be scanned to determine the position on the array to which the nucleic acid hybridizes. The hybridization data obtained from the scan can be, for example, in the form of fluorescence intensities as a function of location on the array.

Arrays can be formed on substrates fabricated with materials such as paper; glass; plastic, for example, polypropylene, nylon, or polystyrene; polyacrylamide; nitrocellulose; silicon; optical fiber; or any other suitable solid or semisolid support; and can be configured in a planar, for example, glass plates or silicon chips); or three dimensional, for example, pins, fibers, beads, particles, microtiter wells, and capillaries, configuration.

Methods for generating arrays are known in the art and can include for example; photolithographic methods (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,143,854, 5,510,270 and 5,527,681); mechanical methods, for example, directed-flow methods (U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,261); pin-based methods (U.S. Pat. No. 5;288;514); bead-based techniques (PCT US/93/04145); solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis methods; or by other methods known to a person skilled in the art (see, e.g., Bier, F. F., et al. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 109:433-53 (2008); Hoheisel, J. D., Nat Rev Genet 7: 200-10 (2006); Fan, J. B., et al. Methods Enzymol 410:57-73 (2006); Raqoussis, J. & Elvidge, G., Expert Rev Mol Design 6: 145-52 (2006); Mockler, T. C., et al. Genomics 85: 1-15 (2005), and references cited therein, the entire teachings of each of which are incorporated by reference herein). Many additional descriptions of the preparation and use of oligonucleotide arrays for detection of polymorphisms can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,858,394, 6,429,027, 5,445,934, 5,700,637, 5,744,305, 5,945,334, 6,054,270, 6,300,063, 6,733,977, 7,364,858, EP 619 321, and EP 373 203, the entire teachings of which are incorporated by reference herein. Methods for array production, hybridization, and analysis are also described in Snijders et al., Nat. Genetics 29:263-264 (2001); Klein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:4494-4499 (1999); Albertson et al., Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 78:289-298 (2003); and Snijders et al., “BAC microarray based comparative genomic hybridization,” in: Zhao et al. (eds), Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: Methods and Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press, 2002.

In some embodiments, oligonucleotide probes forming an array can be attached to a substrate by any number of techniques, including, but not limited to, in situ synthesis, for example, high-density oligonucleotide arrays, using photolithographic techniques; spotting/printing a medium to low density on glass, nylon, or nitrocellulose; by masking; and by dot-blotting on a nylon or nitrocellulose hybridization membrane. In some embodiments, oligonucleotides can be immobilized via a linker, including but not limited to, by covalent, ionic, or physical linkage. Linkers for immobilizing nucleic acids and polypeptides, including reversible or cleavable linkers, are known in the art (U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,683 and W098/20019). In some embodiments, oligonucleotides can be non-covalently immobilized on a substrate by hybridization to anchors, by means of magnetic beads, or in a fluid phase, for example, in wells or capillaries.

An array can comprise oligonucleotide hybridization probes capable of specifically hybridizing to different genetic variations. In some embodiments, oligonucleotide arrays can comprise a plurality of different oligonucleotide probes coupled to a surface of a substrate in different known locations. In some embodiments, oligonucleotide probes can exhibit differential or selective binding to polymorphic sites, and can be readily designed by one of ordinary skill in the art, for example, an oligonucleotide that is perfectly complementary to a sequence that encompasses a polymorphic site, for example, a sequence that includes the polymorphic site, within it, or at one end, can hybridize preferentially to a nucleic acid comprising that sequence, as opposed to a nucleic acid comprising an alternate polymorphic variant.

In some embodiments, arrays can include multiple detection blocks, for example, multiple groups of probes designed for detection of particular polymorphisms. In some embodiments, these arrays can be used to analyze multiple different polymorphisms. In some embodiments, detection blocks can be grouped within a single array or in multiple, separate arrays, wherein varying conditions, for example, conditions optimized for particular polymorphisms, can be used during hybridization. General descriptions of using oligonucleotide arrays for detection of polymorphisms can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,858,659 and 5,837,832. In addition to oligonucleotide arrays, cDNA arrays can be used similarly in certain embodiments.

The methods described herein can include but are not limited to providing an array as described herein; contacting the array with a nucleic acid sample, and detecting binding of a nucleic acid from the nucleic acid sample to the array. In some embodiments, the method can comprise amplifying nucleic acid from the nucleic acid sample, for example, a region associated with a neurological disorder or a region that includes another region associated with a neurological disorder. In some embodiments, the methods described herein can include using an array that can identify differential expression patterns or copy numbers of one or more genes in nucleic acid samples from control and affected individuals. For example, arrays of probes to a marker described herein can be used to identify genetic variations between DNA from an affected subject, and control DNA obtained from an individual that does not have a neurological disorder. Since the nucleotides on the array can contain sequence tags, their positions on the array can be accurately known relative to the genomic sequence

In some embodiments, it can be desirable to employ methods that can detect the presence of multiple genetic variations, for example, polymorphic variants at a plurality of polymorphic sites, in parallel or substantially simultaneously. In some embodiments, these methods can comprise oligonucleotide arrays and other methods, including methods in which reactions, for example, amplification and hybridization, can be performed in individual vessels, for example, within individual wells of a multi-well plate or other vessel.

Determining the identity of a genetic variation can also include or consist of reviewing a subject's medical history, where the medical history includes information regarding the identity, copy number, presence or absence of one or more alleles or SNPs in the subject, e.g., results of a genetic test.

In some embodiments extended runs of homozygosity (ROH) may be useful to map recessive disease genes in outbred populations. Furthermore, even in complex disorders, a high number of affected individuals may have the same haplotype in the region surrounding a disease mutation. Therefore, a rare pathogenic variant and surrounding haplotype can be enriched in frequency in a group of affected individuals compared with the haplotype frequency in a cohort of unaffected controls. Homozygous haplotypes (HH) that are shared by multiple affected individuals can be important for the discovery of recessive disease genes in complex disorders such as PD. In some embodiments, the traditional homozygosity mapping method can be extended by analysing the haplotype within shared ROH regions to identify homozygous segments of identical haplotype that are present uniquely or at a higher frequency in PD probands compared to parental controls. Such regions are termed risk homozygous haplotypes (rHH), which may contain low-frequency recessive variants that contribute to PD risk in a subset of PD patients.

Genetic variations can also be identified using any of a number of methods well known in the art. For example, genetic variations available in public databases, which can be searched using methods and custom algorithms or algorithms known in the art, can be used. In some embodiments, a reference sequence can be from, for example, the human draft genome sequence, publicly available in various databases, or a sequence deposited in a database such as GenBank.

Methods of Detecting CNVs

Detection of genetic variations, specifically CNVs, can be accomplished by one or more suitable techniques described herein. Generally, techniques that can selectively determine whether a particular chromosomal segment is present or absent in an individual can be used for genotyping CNVs. Identification of novel copy number variations can be done by methods for assessing genomic copy number changes.

In some embodiments, methods include but are not limited to, methods that can quantitatively estimate the number of copies of a particular genomic segment, but can also include methods that indicate whether a particular segment is present in a nucleic acid sample or not. In some embodiments, the technique to be used can quantify the amount of segment present, for example, determining whether a DNA segment is deleted, duplicated, or triplicated in subject, for example, Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) techniques, and other methods described herein. .In some embodiments, methods include detection of copy number variation from array intensity and sequencing read depth using a stepwise Bayesian model (Zhang Z. D., et al. BMC Bioinformatics. 2010 Oct. 31; 11:539). In some embodiments, methods include detecting copy number variations using shotgun sequencing, CNV-seq (Xie C., et al. BMC Bioinformatics. 2009 Mar. 6; 10:80). In some embodiments, methods include analyzing next-generation sequencing (NGS) data for CNV detection using any one of several algorithms developed for each of the four broad methods for CNV detection using NGS, namely the depth of coverage (DOC), read-pair (RP), split-read (SR) and assembly-based (AS) methods. (Teo S. M., et al. Bioinformatics. 2012 Aug. 31). In some embodiments, methods include combining coverage with map information for the identification of deletions and duplications in targeted sequence data (Nord A. S., et al. BMC Genomics. 2011 Apr. 12; 12:184).

In some embodiments, other genotyping technologies can be used for detection of CNVs, including but not limited to, karyotype analysis, Molecular Inversion Probe array technology, for example, Affymetrix SNP Array 6.0, and BeadArray Technologies, for example, Illumina GoldenGate and Infinium assays, as can other platforms such as NimbleGen HD2.1 or HD4.2, High-Definition Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) arrays (Agilent Technologies), tiling array technology (Affymetrix), multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), Invader assay, fluorescence in situ hybridization. and, in one preferred embodiment, Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) methods. As described herein, karyotype analysis can be a method to determine the content and structure of chromosomes in a nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, karyotyping can be used, in lieu of aCGH, to detect translocations, which can be copy number neutral, and, therefore, not detectable by aCGH. Information about amplitude of particular probes, which can be representative of particular alleles, can provide quantitative dosage information for the particular allele, and by consequence, dosage information about the CNV in question, since the marker can be selected as a marker representative of the CNV and can be located within the CNV. In some embodiments, if the CNV is a deletion, the absence of particular marker allele is representative of the deletion. In some embodiments, if the CNV is a duplication or a higher order copy number variation, the signal intensity representative of the allele correlating with the CNV can represent the copy number. A summary of methodologies commonly used is provided in Perkel (Perkel J. Nature Methods 5:447-453 (2008)).

PCR assays can be utilized to detect CNVs and can provide an alternative to array analysis. In particular, PCR assays can enable detection of precise boundaries of gene/chromosome variants, at the molecular level, and which boundaries are identical in different individuals. PCR assays can be based on the amplification of a junction fragment present only in individuals that carry a deletion. This assay can convert the detection of a loss by array CGH to one of a gain by PCR.

Examples of PCR techniques that can be used in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to quantitative PCR, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), quantitative fluorescent PCR (QF-PCR), multiplex fluorescent PCR (MF-PCR), real time PCR (RT-PCR), single cell PCR, PCR-RFLP/RT-PCR-RFLP, hot start PCR and Nested PCR. Other suitable amplification methods include the ligase chain reaction (LCR), ligation mediated PCR (LM-PCR), degenerate oligonucleotide probe PCR (DOP-PCR), transcription amplification, self-sustained sequence replication, selective amplification of target polynucleotide sequences, consensus sequence primed polymerase chain reaction (CP-PCR), arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) and nucleic acid based sequence amplification (NABSA).

Alternative methods for the simultaneous interrogation of multiple regions include quantitative multiplex PCR of short fluorescent fragments (QMPSF), multiplex amplifiable probe hybridization (MAPH) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), in which copy-number differences for up to 40 regions can be scored in one experiment. Another approach can be to specifically target regions that harbor known segmental duplications, which are often sites of copy-number variation. By targeting the variable nucleotides between two copies of a segmental duplication (called paralogous sequence variants) using a SNP-genotyping method that provides independent fluorescence intensities for the two alleles, it is possible to detect an increase in intensity of one allele compared with the other.

In some embodiments, the amplified piece of DNA can be bound to beads using the sequencing element of the nucleic acid tag under conditions that favor a single amplified piece of DNA molecule to bind a different bead and amplification occurs on each bead. In some embodiments, such amplification can occur by PCR. Each bead can be placed in a separate well, which can be a picoliter-sized well. In some embodiments, each bead is captured within a droplet of a PCR-reaction-mixture-in-oil-emulsion and PCR amplification occurs within each droplet. The amplification on the bead results in each bead carrying at least one million, at least 5 million, or at least 10 million copies of the single amplified piece of DNA molecule.

In embodiments where PCR occurs in oil-emulsion mixtures, the emulsion droplets are broken, the DNA is denatured and the beads carrying single-stranded nucleic acids clones are deposited into a well, such as a picoliter-sized well, for further analysis according to the methods described herein. These amplification methods allow for the analysis of genomic DNA regions. Methods for using bead amplification followed by fiber optics detection are described in Margulies et al. 2005, Nature. 15; 437(7057):376-80, and as well as in US Publication Application Nos. 20020012930; 20030068629; 20030100102; 20030148344; 20040248161; 20050079510, 20050124022; and 20060078909.

Another variation on the array-based approach can be to use the hybridization signal intensities that are obtained from the oligonucleotides employed on Affymetrix SNP arrays or in Illumina Bead Arrays. Here hybridization intensities are compared with average values that are derived from controls, such that deviations from these averages indicate a change in copy number. As well as providing information about copy number, SNP arrays have the added advantage of providing genotype information. For example, they can reveal loss of heterozygosity, which could provide supporting evidence for the presence of a deletion, or might indicate segmental uniparental disomy (which can recapitulate the effects of structural variation in some genomic regions—Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, for example).

Many of the basic procedures followed in microarray-based genome profiling are similar, if not identical, to those followed in expression profiling and SNP analysis, including the use of specialized microarray equipment and data-analysis tools. Since microarray-based expression profiling has been well established in the last decade, much can be learned from the technical advances made in this area. Examples of the use of microarrays in nucleic acid analysis that can be used are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,300,063, 5,837,832, 6,969,589, 6,040,138, 6,858,412, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/529,115, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/272,384, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/045,575, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/264,571 and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/264,574. It should be noted that there are also distinct differences such as target and probe complexity, stability of DNA over RNA, the presence of repetitive DNA and the need to identify single copy number alterations in genome profiling.

In a preferred embodiment, the genetic variations detected comprise CNVs and can be detected using array CGH. In some embodiments, array CGH can be been implemented using a wide variety of techniques. The initial approaches used arrays produced from large-insert genomic clones such as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). Producing sufficient BAC DNA of adequate purity to make arrays is arduous, so several techniques to amplify small amounts of starting material have been employed. These techniques include ligation-mediated PCR (Snijders et al, Nat. Genet. 29:263-64), degenerate primer PCR using one or several sets of primers, and rolling circle amplification. BAC arrays that provide complete genome tiling paths are also available. Arrays made from less complex nucleic acids such as cDNAs, selected PCR products, and oligonucleotides can also be used. Although most CGH procedures employ hybridization with total genomic DNA, it is possible to use reduced complexity representations of the genome produced by PCR techniques. Computational analysis of the genome sequence can be used to design array elements complementary to the sequences contained in the representation. Various SNP genotyping platforms, some of which use reduced complexity genomic representations, can be useful for their ability to determine both DNA copy number and allelic content across the genome. In some embodiments, small amounts of genomic DNA can be amplified with a variety of whole genome or whole exome amplification methods prior to CGH analysis of the nucleic acid sample. A “whole exome,” as used herein, includes s exons throughout the whole genome that are expressed in genes. Since exon selection has tissue and cell type specificity, these positions may be different in the various cell types resulting from a splice variant or alternative splicing. A “whole genome,” as used herein, includes the entire genetic code of a genome.

The different basic approaches to array CGH provide different levels of performance, so some are more suitable for particular applications than others. The factors that determine performance include the magnitudes of the copy number changes, their genomic extents, the state and composition of the specimen, how much material is available for analysis, and how the results of the analysis can be used. Many applications use reliable detection of copy number changes of much less than 50%, a more stringent requirement than for other microarray technologies. Note that technical details are extremely important and different implementations of methods using the same array CGH approach can yield different levels of performance. Various CGH methods are known in the art and are equally applicable to one or more methods of the present disclosure. For example, CGH methods are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,030,231; 7,011,949; 7,014,997; 6,977,148; 6,951,761; and 6,916,621, the disclosure from each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The data provided by array CGH are quantitative measures of DNA sequence dosage. Array CGH provides high-resolution estimates of copy number aberrations, and can be performed efficiently on many nucleic acid samples. The advent of array CGH technology makes it possible to monitor DNA copy number changes on a genomic scale and many projects have been launched for studying the genome in specific diseases.

In a preferred embodiment, whole genome array-based comparative genome hybridization (array CGH) analysis, or array CGH on a subset of genomic regions, can be used to efficiently interrogate human genomes for genomic imbalances at multiple loci within a single assay. The development of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) (Kallioniemi et al, 1992, Science 258: 818-21) provided the first efficient approach to scanning entire genomes for variations in DNA copy number. The importance of normal copy number variation involving large segments of DNA has been unappreciated. Array CGH is a breakthrough technique in human genetics, which is attracting interest from clinicians working in fields as diverse as cancer and IVF (In Vitro Fertilization). The use of CGH microarrays in the clinic holds great promise for identifying regions of genomic imbalance associated with disease. Advances from identifying chromosomal critical regions associated with specific phenotypes to identifying the specific dosage sensitive genes can lead to therapeutic opportunities of benefit to patients. Array CGH is a specific, sensitive and rapid technique that can enable the screening of the whole genome in a single test. It can facilitate and accelerate the screening process in human genetics and is expected to have a profound impact on the screening and counseling of patients with genetic disorders. It is now possible to identify the exact location on the chromosome where an aberration has occurred and it is possible to map these changes directly onto the genomic sequence.

An array CGH approach provides a robust method for carrying out a genome-wide scan to find novel copy number variants (CNVs). The array CGH methods can use labeled fragments from a genome of interest, which can be competitively hybridized with a second differentially labeled genome to arrays that are spotted with cloned DNA fragments, revealing copy-number differences between the two genomes. Genomic clones (for example, BACs), cDNAs, PCR products and oligonucleotides, can all be used as array targets. The use of array CGH with BACs was one of the earliest employed methods and is popular, owing to the extensive coverage of the genome it provides, the availability of reliable mapping data and ready access to clones. The last of these factors is important both for the array experiments themselves, and for confirmatory FISH experiments.

In a typical CGH measurement, total genomic DNA is isolated from control and reference subjects, differentially labeled, and hybridized to a representation of the genome that allows the binding of sequences at different genomic locations to be distinguished. More than two genomes can be compared simultaneously with suitable labels. Hybridization of highly repetitive sequences is typically suppressed by the inclusion of unlabeled Cot-1 DNA in the reaction. In some embodiments of array CGH, it is beneficial to mechanically shear the genomic DNA in a nucleic acid sample, for example, with sonication, prior to its labeling and hybridization step. In another embodiment, array CGH may be performed without use of Cot-1 DNA or a sonication step in the preparation of the genomic DNA in a nucleic acid sample. The relative hybridization intensity of the test and reference signals at a given location can be proportional to the relative copy number of those sequences in the test and reference genomes. If the reference genome is normal then increases and decreases in signal intensity ratios directly indicate DNA copy number variation within the genome of the test cells. Data are typically normalized so that the modal ratio for the genome is set to some standard value, typically 1.0 on a linear scale or 0.0 on a logarithmic scale. Additional measurements such as FISH or flow cytometry can be used to determine the actual copy number associated with a ratio level.

In some embodiments, an array CGH procedure can include the following steps. First, large-insert clones, for example, BACs can be obtained from a supplier of clone libraries. Then, small amounts of clone DNA can be amplified, for example, by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed (DOP) PCR or ligation-mediated PCR in order to obtain sufficient quantities needed for spotting. Next, PCR products can be spotted onto glass slides using, for example, microarray robots equipped with high-precision printing pins. Depending on the number of clones to be spotted and the space available on the microarray slide, clones can either be spotted once per array or in replicate. Repeated spotting of the same clone on an array can increase precision of the measurements if the spot intensities are averaged, and allows for a detailed statistical analysis of the quality of the experiments. Subject and control DNAs can be labeled, for example, with either Cy3 or Cy5-dUTP using random priming and can be subsequently hybridized onto the microarray in a solution containing an excess of Cotl-DNA to block repetitive sequences. Hybridizations can either be performed manually under a coverslip, in a gasket with gentle rocking or, automatically using commercially available hybridization stations. These automated hybridization stations can allow for an active hybridization process, thereby improving the reproducibility as well as reducing the actual hybridization time, which increases throughput. The hybridized DNAs can detected through the two different fluorochromes using standard microarray scanning equipment with either a scanning confocal laser or a charge coupled device (CCD) camera-based reader, followed by spot identification using commercially or freely available software packages.

The use of CGH with arrays that comprise long oligonucleotides (60-100 bp) can improve the detection resolution (in some embodiments, as small as ˜3-5 kb sized CNVs on arrays designed for interrogation of human whole genomes) over that achieved using BACs (limited to 50-100 kb or larger sized CNVs due to the large size of BAC clones). In some embodiments, the resolution of oligonucleotide CGH arrays is achieved via in situ synthesis of 1-2 million unique features/probes per microarray, which can include microarrays available from Roche NimbleGen and Agilent Technologies. In addition to array CGH methods for copy number detecton, other embodiments for partial or whole genome analysis of CNVs within a genome include, but are not limited to, use of SNP genotyping microarrays and sequencing methods.

Another method for copy number detection that uses oligonucleotides can be representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis (ROMA). It is similar to that applied in the use of BAC and CGH arrays, but to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, the ‘complexity’ of the input DNA is reduced by a method called representation or whole-genome sampling. Here the DNA that is to be hybridized to the array can be treated by restriction digestion and then ligated to adapters, which results in the PCR-based amplification of fragments in a specific size-range. As a result, the amplified DNA can make up a fraction of the entire genomic sequence—that is, it is a representation of the input DNA that has significantly reduced complexity, which can lead to a reduction in background noise. Other suitable methods available to the skilled person can also be used, and are within scope of the present disclosure.

A comparison of one or more genomes relative to one or more other genomes with array CGH, or a variety of other CNV detection methods, can reveal the set of CNVs between two genomes, between one genome in comparison to multiple genomes, or between one set of genomes in comparison to another set of genomes. In some embodiments, an array CGH experiment can be performed by hybrizing a single test genome against a pooled nucleic acid sample of two or more genomes, which can result in minimizing the detection of higher frequency variants in the experiment. In some embodiments, a test genome can be hybridized alone (i.e., one-color detetion) to a microarray, for example, using array CGH or SNP genotyping methods, and the comparison step to one or more reference genomes can be performed in silico to reveal the set of CNVs in the test genome relative to the one or more reference genomes. In one preferred embodiment, a single test genome is compared to a single reference genome in a 2-color experiment wherein both genomes are cohybridized to the microarray.

Array CGH can be used to identify genes that are causative or associated with a particular phenotype, condition, or disease by comparing the set of CNVs found in the affected cohort to the set of CNVs found in an unaffected cohort. An unaffected cohort may consist of any individual unaffected by the phenotype, condition, or disease of interest, but in one preferred embodiment is comprised of individuals or subjects that are apparently healthy (normal). Methods employed for such analyses are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,702,468 and 7,957,913. In some embodiments of CNV comparison methods, candidate genes that are causative or associated (i.e., potentially serving as a biomarker) with a phenotype, condition, or disease will be identified by CNVs that occur in the affected cohort but not in the unaffected cohort. In some embodiments of CNV comparison methods, candidate genes that are causative or associated (i.e., potentially serving as a biomarker) with a phenotype, condition, or disease will be identified by CNVs that occur at a statistically significant higher frequency in the affected cohort as compared their frequency in the unaffected cohort. Thus, CNVs preferentially detected in the affected cohort as compared to the unaffected cohort can serve as beacons of genes that are causative or associated with a particular phenotype, condition, or disease. In some embodiments, CNV detection and comparison methods can result in direct identification of the gene that is causative or associated with phenotype, condition, or disease if the CNVs are found to overlap with or encompass the gene(s). In some embodiments, CNV detection and comparison methods can result in identification of regulatory regions of the genome (e.g., promoters, enhancers, transcription factor binding sites) that regulate the expression of one or more genes that are causative or associated with the phenotype, condition, or disease of interest.

Due to the large amount of genetic variation between any two genomes, or two sets (cohorts) of genomes, being compared, one preferred embodiment is to reduce the genetic variation search space by interrogating only CNVs, as opposed to the full set of genetic variants that can be identified in an individual's genome or exome. The set of CNVs that occur only, or at a statistically higher frequency, in the affected cohort as compared to the unaffected cohort can then be further investigated in targeted sequencing experiments to reveal the full set of genetic variants (of any size or type) that are causative or associated (i.e., potentially serving as a biomarker) with a phenotype, condition, or disease. It can be appreciated to those skilled in the art that the targeted sequencing experiments are performed in both the affected and unaffected cohorts in order to identify the genetic variants (e.g., SNVs and indels) that occur only, or at a statistically significant higher frequency, in the affected individual or cohort as compared to the unaffected cohort.

When investigating a particular phenotype, condition, or disease, such as PD, it can be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the number of PD candidate genes (or regulatory sequences) identified via CNV (or other variant types) detection methods may increase or decrease when additional PD cohorts are analyzed. Similarly, the number of PD candidate genes (or regulatory sequences), for example, identified via CNV (or other variant types) detection methods may increase or decrease when additional unaffected cohorts are used to interpret the affected cohort CNVs (or other variat types). For very rare CNVs (e.g., <0.1% frequency in the general population), only a single case may be observed in a given PD cohort (e.g., 100 cases) but further statistical significance or evidence for the gene (or regulatory sequence/locus in the genome) can be established by: 1) CNV analysis of additional PD cohorts, 2) CNV analysis of additional Normal cohorts, 3) targeted gene sequencing of both PD and Normal cohorts, and/or 4) functional characterization of the PD candidate gene (e.g., in silico analysis of the predicted impact of the candidate mutation on the gene product, RNAi knockdown experiments, biochemical assays on PD patient tissue, gene expression analysis of disease-relevant tissues or of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) created from the PD patient(s) harboring the candidate PD-causing genetic variant).

It can be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a candidate gene may validate as causative of the phenotype, condition, or disease (e.g., PD), which may, for example, be confirmed via mechansism of action experiments, or it may serve as a biomarker of the phenotype, condition, or disease. Thus, in the example of PD, in some embodiments, the PD-specific gene (or regulatory sequence/locus) may be a biomarker of age-of-onset for PD and disease severity, and thus have diagnostic utility for monitoring patients known to be at risk for PD or as a general screening test in the population for early diagnosis of the disease. In some embodiments, the PD-specific gene/biomarker may be an indicator of drug response (e.g., a particular subtype of PD may respond best to a therapeutic targeting a particular phenotype, causative gene, or other gene in the same pathway as the causative gene) and thus have utility during drug development in clinical trials. For example, clinical trials for a therapeutic that targets a PD genetic subtype comprising only 10% of all patients exhibiting symptoms of PD, can be designed to comprise only those 10% of patients with a specific genotype(s) in order to reduce the time and cost of such clinical trials (e.g., smaller number of patients in the clinical trial). It can be appreciated by those skilled in the art that such patient stratification methods (i.e., specific genotypes correlated with the disease or drug response) can be employed not only for targeted therapeutics, but in general for any drug that is approved or in development (i.e., the mechanism of action may or may not be known). For example, drugs in development or approved to treat, for example, cancer, may have utility in being repurposed to treat PD. Such patient stratification methods can also be utilized to develop a companion diagnostic test (e.g., comprising the specific genes/genotypes found in patients that are indicative of drug response) for a particular drug, either concurrently during the clinical trials for the drug or after drug approval (e.g., as a new indication or for the physician to use in guiding medical decisions for the patient).

Further neurological and/or links to PD pathology can be established via pathway analysis of the genes, which may take into consideration binding interactions (e.g., via yeast 2-hybrid screen) and molecular events (e.g., kinase activity or other enzymatic processes) if such information is available for the gene(s) of interest (i.e., specified in the analysis). Both commercial (e.g., Ingenuity's IPA software and Thomson Reuter's GeneGo software) and open source software (e.g., String: string-db.org/) are available for such analyses. To assess connections to established PD biology, analyses can be performed for the set of candidate PD genes independently or against known causative PD genes (GBA, LRRK2, PARK2, PARK7, PINK1, SNCA, VPS35) singly or as a group. In some embodiments, PD candidate genes can be distributed into 5 main categories: 1) neurotrophin gene product or gene candidate impacts a neurotrophin, 2) polypeptide misfolding, aggregation, and/or role in ubiquitin pathway, 3) genes linked to a known causative PD gene (e.g., binding partner), or a novel gene family member of a known PD gene, 4) genes linked to PD pathology by function (e.g., mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, or PD phenotypes such as dopaminergic neuronal loss), and 5) other (e.g., established role in other diseases with no obvious neurological biology, such as cancer) or unknown gene function (e.g., limited or no gene information presently annotated for the PD-specific gene).

A method of screening a subject for a disease or disorder can comprise assaying a nucleic acid sample from the subject to detect sequence information for more than one genetic locus and comparing the sequence information to a panel of nucleic acid biomarkers and screening the subject for the presence or absence of the disease or disorder if one or more of low frequency biomarkers in the panel are present in the sequence information.

The panel can comprise at least one nucleic acid biomarker for each of the more than one genetic loci. For example, the panel can comprise 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 3, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 or more nucleic acid biomarkers for each of the more than one genetic loci. In some embodiments, the panel can comprise from about 2-1000 nucleic acid biomarkers. For example, the panel can comprise from about 2-900, 2-800, 2-700, 2-600, 2-500, 2-400, 2-300, 2-200, 2-100, 25-900, 25-800, 25-700, 25-600, 25-500, 25-400, 25-300, 25-200, 25-100, 100-1000, 100-900, 100-800, 100-700, 100-600, 100-500, 100-400, 100-300, 100-200, 200-1000, 200-900, 200-800, 200-700, 200-600, 200-500, 200-400, 200-300, 300-1000, 300-900, 300-800, 300-700, 300-600, 300-500, 300-400, 400-1000, 400-900, 400-800, 400-700, 400-600, 400-500, 500-1000, 500-900, 500-800, 500-700, 500-600, 600-1000, 600-900, 600-800, 600-700, 700-1000, 700-900, 700-800, 800-1000, 800-900, or 900-1000 nucleic acid biomarkers.

The panel can comprise at least 2 low frequency biomarkers. For example, the panel can comprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 3, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 500, or 1000 or more low frequency biomarkers. In some embodiments, the panel can comprise from about 2-1000 low frequency biomarkers. For example, the panel can comprise from about 2-900, 2-800, 2-700, 2-600, 2-500, 2-400, 2-300, 2-200, 2-100, 25-900, 25-800, 25-700, 25-600, 25-500, 25-400, 25-300, 25-200, 25-100, 100-1000, 100-900, 100-800, 100-700, 100-600, 100-500, 100-400, 100-300, 100-200, 200-1000, 200-900, 200-800, 200-700, 200-600, 200-500, 200-400, 200-300, 300-1000, 300-900, 300-800, 300-700, 300-600, 300-500, 300-400, 400-1000, 400-900, 400-800, 400-700, 400-600, 400-500, 500-1000, 500-900, 500-800, 500-700, 500-600, 600-1000, 600-900, 600-800, 600-700, 700-1000, 700-900, 700-800, 800-1000, 800-900, or 900-1000 1000 low frequency biomarkers. In some embodiments, a low frequency biomarker can occur at a frequency of 0.1% or less in a population of subjects without a diagnosis of the disease or disorder. For example, a low frequency biomarker can occur at a frequency of 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001%, 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005%, or 0.00001% or less in a population of subjects without a diagnosis of the disease or disorder. In some embodiments, a low frequency biomarker can occur at a frequency from about 0.00001%-0.1% in a population of subjects without a diagnosis of the disease or disorder. For example, a low frequency biomarker can occur at a frequency of from about 0.00001%-0.00005%, 0.00001%-0.0001%, 0.00001%-0.0005%, 0.00001%-0.001%, 0.00001%-0.005%, 0.00001%-0.01%, 0.00001%-0.05%, 0.00005%-0.0001%, 0.00005%-0.0005%, 0.00005%-0.001%, 0.00005%-0.005%, 0.00005%-0.01%, 0.00005%-0.05%, 0.00005%-0.1%, 0.0001%-0.0005%, 0.0001%-0.001%, 0.0001%-0.005%, 0.0001%-0.01%, 0.0001%-0.05%, 0.0001%-0.1%, 0.0005%-0.001%, 0.0005%-0.005%, 0.0005%-0.01%, 0.0005%-0.05%, 0.0005%-0.1%, 0.001%-0.005%, 0.001%-0.01%, 0.001%-0.05%, 0.001%-0.1%, 0.005%-0.01%, 0.005%-0.05%, 0.005%-0.1%, 0.01%-0.05%, 0.01%-0.1%, or 0.05%-0.1% in a population of subjects without a diagnosis of the disease or disorder

In some embodiments, the presence or absence of the disease or disorder in the subject can be determined with at least 50% confidence. For example, the presence or absence of the disease or disorder in the subject can be determined with at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% confidence. In some embodiments, the presence or absence of the disease or disorder in the subject can be determined with a 50%-100% confidence. For example, the presence or absence of the disease or disorder in the subject can be determined with a 60%-100%, 70%-100%, 80%-100%, 90%-100%, 50%-90%, 50%-80%, 50%-70%, 50%-60%, 60%-90%, 60%-80%, 60%-70%, 70%-90%, 70%-80%, or 80%-90%. In one embodiement, PD candidate CNVs and genes or regulatory loci associated with these CNVs can be determined or identified by comparing genetic data from a cohort of normal individuals to that of an individual or a cohort of individuals known to have, or be susceptible to a developmental disorder such as PD.

In one embodiement, PD candidate CNV-subregions and genes associated with these regions can be determined or identified by comparing genetic data from a cohort of normal individuals (NVE) to that of a cohort of individual known to have, or be susceptible to PD.

In some embodiments, a nucleic acid sample from one individual or nucleic acid samples from a pool of 2 or more indivisuals without PD can serve as as the reference nucleic acid sample(s) and the nucleic acid sample from an individual known to have PD or being tested to determine if they have PD can serve as the test nucleic acid sample. In one preferred embodiment, the reference and test nucleic acid samples are sex-matched and co-hybridized on the CGH array. For example, reference nucleic acid samples can be labeled with a fluorophore such as Cy5, using methods described herein, and test subject nucleic acid samples can be labeled with a different fluorophore, such as Cy3. After labeling, nucleic acid samples can be combined and can be co-hybridized to a microarray and analyzed using any of the methods described herein, such as aCGH. Arrays can then be scanned and the data can be analyzed with software. Genetic alterations, such as CNVs, can be called using any of the methods described herein. A list of the genetic alterations, such as CNVs, can be generated for one or more test subjects and/or for one or more reference subjects. Such lists of CNVs can be used to generate a master list of non-redundant CNVs and/or CNV-subregions for each type of cohort. In one embodiment, a cohort of test nucleic acid samples, such as individuals known to have or suspected to have PD, can be cohybridized with an identical sex-matched reference individual or sex-matched pool of reference individuals to generate a list of redundant or non-redudant CNVs. Such lists can be based on the presence or absence of one or more CNVs and/or CNV subregions present in individuals within the cohort. In this manner, a master list can contain a number of distinct CNVs and/or CNV-subregions, some of which are uniquely present in a single individual and some of which are present in multiple individuals.

In some embodiments, CNVs and/or CNV-subregions of interest can be obtained by annotation of each CNV and/or CNV-subregion with relevant information, such as overlap with known genes and/or exons exons or intergenic regulatory regions such as transcription factor binding sites. In some embodiments, CNVs and/or CNV-subregions of interest can be obtained by calculating the OR for a CNV and/or CNV-subregion according to the following formula: OR=(PD/((# individuals in PD cohort)−PD))/(Normal/((# individuals in Normal cohort)−Normal)), where: PD=number of PD individuals with a CNV-subregion of interest and Normal=number of Normal individuals with the CNV and/or CNV-subregion of interest. If Normal=0, it can be set to 1 to avoid dealing with infinities in cases where no CNVs are seen in the Normal cohort. In some embodiments, a set of publicly available CNVs (e.g., the Database of Genomic Variants, http://projects.tcag.ca/variation/) can be used as the Normal cohort for comparison to the affected cohort CNVs. In another embodiment, the set of Normal cohort CNVs may comprise a private database generated by the same CNV detection method, such as array CGH, or by a plurality of CNV detection methods that include, but are not limited to, array CGH, SNP genotyping arrays, custom CGH arrays, custom genotyping arrays, exome sequencing, whole genome sequencing, targeted sequencing, FISH, q-PCR, or MLPA.

The number of individuals in any given cohort can be at least about 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2500, 5000, 7500, 10,000, 100,000, or more. In some embodiments, the number of individuals in any given cohort can be from 25-900, 25-800, 25-700, 25-600, 25-500, 25-400, 25-300, 25-200, 25-100, 100-1000, 100-900, 100-800, 100-700, 100-600, 100-500, 100-400, 100-300, 100-200, 200-1000, 200-900, 200-800, 200-700, 200-600, 200-500, 200-400, 200-300, 300-1000, 300-900, 300-800, 300-700, 300-600, 300-500, 300-400, 400-1000, 400-900, 400-800, 400-700, 400-600, 400-500, 500-1000, 500-900, 500-800, 500-700, 500-600, 600-1000, 600-900, 600-800, 600-700, 700-1000, 700-900, 700-800, 800-1000, 800-900, or 900-1000.

In some embodiments, a CNV-subregion/gene can be of interest if the CNV-subregion overlaps a known gene, and is associated with an OR of at least 6. For example, a CNV-subregion/gene can be of interest if the CNV-subregion overlaps a known gene, and is associated with an OR of at least 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more. In some embodiments, a CNV-subregion/gene can be of interest if the CNV-subregion overlaps a known gene, and is associated with an OR from about 6-100, 6-50, 6-40, 6-30, 6-20, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 8-100, 8-50. 8-40, 8-30, 8-20, 8-10, 10-100, 10-50, 10-40, 10-30, 10-20, 20-100, 20-50, 20-40, 20-30, 30-100, 30-50, 30-40, 40-100, 40-50, 50-100, or 5-7. The CNV-subregion/gene can be an exonic or intronic part of the gene, or both.

In some embodiments, a CNV-subregion/gene can be of interest if the CNV-subregion does not overlap a known gene (e.g., is non-genic or intergenic) and is associated with an OR of at least 10. For example, a CNV-subregion/gene can be of interest if the CNV-subregion does not overlap a known gene (e.g., is non-genic or intergenic) and is associated with an OR of at least 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more. In some embodiments, a CNV-subregion/gene can be of interest if the CNV-subregion does not overlap a known gene (e.g., is non-genic or intergenic) and is associated with an OR from about 10-100, 10-50, 10-40, 10-30, 10-20, 20-100, 20-50, 20-40, 20-30, 30-100, 30-50, 30-40, 40-100, 40-50, 50-100, or 9-11.

In some embodiments, a CNV-subregion/gene can be of interest if the OR associated with the sum of PD cases and the sum of NVE cases affecting the same gene (including distinct CNV-subregions) is at least 6. For example, a CNV-subregion/gene can be of interest if the OR associated with the sum of PD cases and the sum of NVE cases affecting the same gene (including distinct CNV-subregions) is at least 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more. In some embodiments, a CNV-subregion/gene can be of interest if the OR associated with the sum of PD cases and the sum of NVE cases affecting the same gene (including distinct CNV-subregions) is from about 6-100, 6-50, 6-40, 6-30, 6-20, 6-10, 6-9, 6-8, 6-7, 8-100, 8-50. 8-40, 8-30, 8-20, 8-10, 10-100, 10-50, 10-40, 10-30, 10-20, 20-100, 20-50, 20-40, 20-30, 30-100, 30-50, 30-40, 40-100, 40-50, 50-100, or 5-7.

In some embodiments, a CNV-subregion/gene can be of interest if the CNV-subregion overlaps a known gene, and is associated with an OR of at least 10. In some embodiments, a CNV-subregion/gene can be of interest if the CNV-subregion overlaps a known gene, is associated with an OR of at least 6, and if the OR associated with the sum of PD cases and the sum of NVE cases affecting the same gene (including distinct CNV-subregions) is at least 6.

The data presented in Tables 1 and 2 was generated on the basis of a comparison of copy number variants (CNVs) identified in a PD cohort. CNV genome locations are provided using the Human Mar. 2006 (NCBI36/hg18) assembly. It can be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a CNV found in an affected individual may have one or more subregions that are preferentially found in the affected cohort as compared to the unaffected cohort and, similarly, other subregions within the CNV that are found at comparable frequencies, or not statistically significant different frequencies, in the affected and unaffected cohorts. In a preferred embodiment, CNV detection and analysis methods are employed that enable comparison of CNV subregions to facilitate identification of genes (or regulatory loci) that are causative or associated with the phenotype, condition, or disease being investigated (or detected for diagnostic purposes). In Table 1, SEQ IDs 1-382 refer to the CNV nucleotide sequences (full nucleotide sequence obtained for the original CNV). In Table 4, SEQ IDs 383-1020 refer to the genomic nucleotide sequences over which the RNA transcripts extend (full genomic extent of the transcript nucleotide sequences, not just the short nucleotide sequence associated with the mRNA).

Table 1 lists all CNVs of interest, obtained as described in the text, with the exception that, for each entry, the chromosome and original CNV start and stop positions are listed, along with original CNV size, type (loss or gain), PD case ID, gene annotation (for the CNV-subregion, not the original CNV), and whether or not the CNV overlaps an exon (for the CNV-subregion not the original CNV). All CNVs have been prioritized according to significance of genes, with Priority Number=1 being highest priority. In addition, the column ‘SEQ ID No’ lists the SEQ IDs of the sequences being submitted (SEQ IDs 1-382 are for the original CNVs described in Table 1). Note that for some CNVs that are identical between different individuals, the priority numbers (and SEQ IDs) are identical. In other words, the sequence for a given CNV is only included once, if identical in different individuals. For example, rows 1-2 of Table 1 refer to identical CNVs in 2 cases (PD Case IDs 1004, 1010).

Table 2 is identical to Table 1, with some exceptions. The CNV coordinates listed refer to the actual CNV-subregions of interest found in the PD cohort, as opposed to Table 1, which lists the original CNVs. In addition, the ‘PD Case ID’ column lists all PD individuals who share the same CNV-subregion.

Table 3 represents a non-redundant list for all genes listed in Table 2 (namely, those relevant to CNV-subregions of interest), and includes RefSeq Gene Symbol; CNV Gene Region (whether intronic, exonic or both); NCBI Gene ID (DNA Accession number); Gene Biology Curation (brief gene description); and Gene Annotation (Summary of gene function).

Table 4 represents a non-redundant list for all genes listed in Table 2 (namely, those relevant to CNV-subregions of interest) and includes RefSeq Gene Symbol; CNV Gene Region (hether intronic, exonic or both); SEQ ID No (numbered consecutively from Table 3, SEQ IDs 383-1020 refer to the transcript sequences); RefSeq Accession Number (ay be multiple entries per gene, hence Table 4 has more entries than Table 3); RefSeq Gene Description (brief description of mRNA).

More than one RNA product (e.g., alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts and non-coding RNAs) can be produced from a single gene. Table 4 lists all presently known transcript variants (and their RNA accession numbers) but new variants may be found when further studies are completed and that generation of these additional transcript variants (and ultimately polypeptide and/or regulatory RNA products) may also be impacted by one or more CNVs or CNV subregions listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The transcripts listed in Table 4 can be expression products of the same gene biomarker. The gene biomarker can comprise genomic DNA encoding the gene, including exons, introns, and/or regulatory binding regions (such as enhancers, promoters, silencers, and/or response elements). Point mutations, polymorphisms, translocations, insertions, deletions, amplifications, inversions, microsatellites, interstitial deletions, CNVs, loss of heterozygosity, or any other aberrations which affect the structure or function of one or more gene biomarkers and/or expression products thereof, can beassociated with a neurological disorder as described herein.

TABLE 1 PD Priority Seq Case Exon Number ID Chr Start Stop Size CNV Type ID RefSeq Gene Symbol overlap 1 1 10 117224281 117232646 8365 gain 1004 ATRNL1 N 1 1 10 117224281 117232646 8365 gain 1010 ATRNL1 N 2 2 10 117331013 117339297 8284 loss 2337 ATRNL1 N 2 2 10 117331013 117339297 8284 loss 2614 ATRNL1 N 3 3 10 117338366 117339297 931 loss 2294 ATRNL1 N 3 3 10 117338366 117339297 931 loss 2332 ATRNL1 N 3 3 10 117338366 117339297 931 loss 2404 ATRNL1 N 3 3 10 117338366 117339297 931 loss 2405 ATRNL1 N 3 3 10 117338366 117339297 931 loss 2447 ATRNL1 N 3 3 10 117338366 117339297 931 loss 2481 ATRNL1 N 3 3 10 117338366 117339297 931 loss 2610 ATRNL1 N 3 3 10 117338366 117339297 931 loss 2628 ATRNL1 N 4 4 7 146842506 146844392 1886 gain 2306 CNTNAP2 N 4 4 7 146842506 146844392 1886 gain 2408 CNTNAP2 N 4 4 7 146842506 146844392 1886 gain 2608 CNTNAP2 N 5 5 7 147697712 147710037 12325 gain 1017 CNTNAP2 N 6 6 7 147704200 147710037 5837 gain 1018 CNTNAP2 N 7 7 7 147707161 147710037 2876 gain 994 CNTNAP2 N 8 8 7 147441927 147443119 1192 loss 2266 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 8 8 7 147441927 147443119 1192 loss 2269 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 8 8 7 147441927 147443119 1192 loss 2320 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 8 8 7 147441927 147443119 1192 loss 2436 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 8 8 7 147441927 147443119 1192 loss 2443 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 8 8 7 147441927 147443119 1192 loss 2565 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 8 8 7 147441927 147443119 1192 loss 2593 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 9 9 2 112750646 112764889 14243 loss 996 ZC3H6 N 9 9 2 112750646 112764889 14243 loss 1022 ZC3H6 N 9 9 2 112750646 112764889 14243 loss 2327 ZC3H6 N 9 9 2 112750646 112764889 14243 gain 2515 ZC3H6 N 10 10 2 112752277 112764889 12612 loss 2342 ZC3H6 N 10 10 2 112752277 112764889 12612 loss 2360 ZC3H6 N 10 10 2 112752277 112764889 12612 loss 2426 ZC3H6 N 10 10 2 112752277 112764889 12612 loss 2587 ZC3H6 N 11 11 18 48127523 48131320 3797 loss 999 DCC N 12 12 18 48539033 48541815 2782 gain 1013 DCC N 13 13 18 48616189 48620934 4745 loss 2054 DCC N 13 13 18 48616189 48620934 4745 loss 2265 DCC N 13 13 18 48616189 48620934 4745 loss 2412 DCC N 13 13 18 48616189 48620934 4745 loss 2428 DCC N 13 13 18 48616189 48620934 4745 loss 2615 DCC N 14 14 20 20043913 20061778 17865 gain 947 C20orf26 N 14 14 20 20043913 20061778 17865 gain 960 C20orf26 N 15 15 20 20043913 20061717 17804 gain 964 C20orf26 N 16 16 20 19971492 19982732 11240 gain 2190 C20orf26, CRNKL1 Y 16 16 20 19971492 19982732 11240 gain 2474 C20orf26, CRNKL1 Y 16 16 20 19971492 19982732 11240 gain 2489 C20orf26, CRNKL1 Y 17 17 20 19979618 19981548 1930 loss 2597 C20orf26, CRNKL1 Y 18 18 3 193371224 193374127 2903 gain 1016 FGF12 N 19 19 3 193472185 193478807 6622 gain 2053 FGF12 N 19 19 3 193472185 193478807 6622 gain 2418 FGF12 N 19 19 3 193472185 193478807 6622 gain 2427 FGF12 N 19 19 3 193472185 193478807 6622 gain 2450 FGF12 N 20 20 3 193678496 193680012 1516 loss 1029 FGF12 N 21 21 3 193785530 193794411 8881 gain 1030 FGF12 N 22 22 3 193787655 193797190 9535 gain 947 FGF12 N 22 22 3 193787655 193797190 9535 gain 959 FGF12 N 23 23 5 44280749 44389035 108286 gain 966 FGF10 Y 24 24 1 74271266 74334696 63430 loss 2544 LRRIQ3 Y 25 25 1 74359462 74372201 12739 gain 2222 LRRIQ3 N 26 26 1 74361348 74372201 10853 loss 968 LRRIQ3 N 26 26 1 74361348 74372201 10853 loss 1010 LRRIQ3 N 26 26 1 74361348 74372201 10853 loss 1029 LRRIQ3 N 27 27 1 74421868 74434506 12638 gain 2539 LRRIQ3 Y 27 27 1 74421868 74434506 12638 gain 2610 LRRIQ3 Y 28 28 3 198119175 198124199 5024 gain 2322 SENP5 N 28 28 3 198119175 198124199 5024 gain 2345 SENP5 N 28 28 3 198119175 198124199 5024 gain 2366 SENP5 N 28 28 3 198119175 198124199 5024 gain 2427 SENP5 N 29 29 3 198027242 198132696 105454 loss 948 SENP5, PAK2 Y 29 29 3 198027242 198132696 105454 loss 950 SENP5, PAK2 Y 29 29 3 198027242 198132696 105454 loss 1020 SENP5, PAK2 Y 29 29 3 198027242 198132696 105454 loss 1034 SENP5, PAK2 Y 30 30 3 198036999 198125625 88626 loss 951 SENP5, PAK2 Y 31 31 3 30711659 30807514 95855 gain 2613 GADL1 Y 32 32 3 30739769 30751038 11269 loss 1017 GADL1 Y 33 33 3 30739769 30748426 8657 loss 1025 GADL1 Y 34 34 3 30743173 30748426 5253 loss 978 GADL1 Y 35 35 3 30768468 30770607 2139 gain 2577 GADL1 N 36 36 3 30845814 30896445 50631 loss 2603 GADL1 Y 37 37 12 85111072 85124672 13600 gain 2261 MGAT4C N 37 37 12 85111072 85124672 13600 gain 2425 MGAT4C N 38 38 12 85113258 85124672 11414 gain 2338 MGAT4C N 39 39 12 85411806 85413202 1396 gain 1027 MGAT4C N 40 40 12 85544596 85550905 6309 gain 976 MGAT4C N 40 40 12 85544596 85550905 6309 gain 978 MGAT4C N 41 41 12 85681656 85687967 6311 loss 948 MGAT4C N 41 41 12 85681656 85687967 6311 gain 971 MGAT4C N 41 41 12 85681656 85687967 6311 loss 989 MGAT4C N 42 42 2 198497294 198505239 7945 loss 2190 PLCL1 N 42 42 2 198497294 198505239 7945 loss 2298 PLCL1 N 42 42 2 198497294 198505239 7945 loss 2575 PLCL1 N 43 43 6 151310683 151318805 8122 gain 992 MTHFD1L Y 44 44 6 151312868 151318805 5937 gain 1013 MTHFD1L Y 45 45 6 151312868 151320671 7803 gain 2342 MTHFD1L Y 46 46 6 151312868 151317012 4144 gain 2583 MTHFD1L N 46 46 6 151312868 151317012 4144 gain 2631 MTHFDlL N 47 47 6 18532373 18537857 5484 gain 2372 RNF144B Y 47 47 6 18532373 18537857 5484 gain 2620 RNF144B Y 47 47 6 18532373 18537857 5484 gain 2629 RNF144B Y 48 48 6 18574467 18576632 2165 loss 1024 RNF144B Y 49 49 5 127434789 127443917 9128 gain 1029 FLJ33630 N 50 50 5 127434789 127436376 1587 gain 2315 FLJ33630 N 50 50 5 127434789 127436376 1587 gain 2350 FLJ33630 N 50 50 5 127434789 127436376 1587 gain 2563 FLJ33630 N 51 51 5 127436376 127439603 3227 gain 990 FLJ33630 N 52 52 7 153645525 153647352 1827 loss 2050 DPP6 N 52 52 7 153645525 153647352 1827 loss 2461 DPP6 N 52 52 7 153645525 153647352 1827 loss 2521 DPP6 N 53 53 7 153901057 154002117 101060 loss 957 DPP6 N 54 54 7 154028650 154032130 3480 loss 969 DPP6 N 54 54 7 154028650 154032130 3480 loss 993 DPP6 N 54 54 7 154028650 154032130 3480 gain 1031 DPP6 N 55 55 12 55879318 55922237 42919 gain 961 NDUFA4L2, LRP1, SHMT2, NXPH4 Y 55 55 12 55879318 55922237 42919 gain 984 NDUFA4L2, LRP1, SHMT2, NXPH4 Y 56 56 12 55880398 55922237 41839 gain 967 NDUFA4L2, LRP1, SHMT2, NXPH4 Y 57 57 12 130944468 130946248 1780 loss 995 ULK1 Y 57 57 12 130944468 130946248 1780 loss 998 ULK1 Y 57 57 12 130944468 130946248 1780 gain 1005 ULK1 Y 57 57 12 130944468 130946248 1780 loss 1009 ULK1 Y 57 57 12 130944468 130946248 1780 loss 1031 ULK1 Y 57 57 12 130944468 130946248 1780 gain 1033 ULK1 Y 57 57 12 130944468 130946248 1780 gain 1035 ULK1 Y 58 58 22 22721042 22735036 13994 loss 955 GSTTP2 Y 58 58 22 22721042 22735036 13994 loss 959 GSTTP2 Y 58 58 22 22721042 22735036 13994 loss 960 GSTTP2 Y 58 58 22 22721042 22735036 13994 loss 964 GSTTP2 Y 59 59 19 61081628 61083208 1580 gain 962 NLRP4 Y 59 59 19 61081628 61083208 1580 gain 963 NLRP4 Y 59 59 19 61081628 61083208 1580 gain 964 NLRP4 Y 59 59 19 61081628 61083208 1580 gain 1003 NLRP4 Y 59 59 19 61081628 61083208 1580 gain 1013 NLRP4 Y 59 59 19 61081628 61083208 1580 gain 1037 NLRP4 Y 60 60 19 60132603 60136910 4307 loss 1025 NLRP7 Y 61 61 15 99236636 99239178 2542 loss 1014 ALDH1A3 Y 61 61 15 99236636 99239178 2542 loss 1029 ALDH1A3 Y 62 62 18 65911512 65923901 12389 gain 955 RTTN N 62 62 18 65911512 65923901 12389 gain 964 RTTN N 63 63 18 65911512 65915539 4027 loss 1017 RTTN N 64 64 18 65916736 65938721 21985 loss 1028 RTTN Y 65 65 16 6597826 6632582 34756 gain 1014 RBFOX1 N 66 66 16 6810852 6907294 96442 loss 982 RBFOX1 N 67 67 10 5979772 5995714 15942 gain 1030 FBXO18 Y 68 68 10 5984217 5995714 11497 gain 1037 FBXO18 Y 69 69 10 5985730 5988631 2901 gain 1000 FBXO18 Y 70 70 5 171229766 171231310 1544 loss 967 FBXW11 Y 71 71 5 171335918 171339127 3209 gain 971 FBXW11 N 72 72 3 55514618 55517737 3119 loss 969 ERC2 Y 72 72 3 55514618 55517737 3119 loss 999 ERC2 Y 72 72 3 55514618 55517737 3119 loss 1005 ERC2 Y 73 73 X 150893705 150894325 620 loss 981 GABRE Y 73 73 X 150893705 150894325 620 loss 1016 GABRE Y 74 74 15 87999026 88001610 2584 gain 954 KIF7 Y 75 75 15 87999026 88000020 994 gain 994 KIF7 Y 76 76 14 104688404 104688435 31 gain 970 JAG2 Y 76 76 14 104688404 104688435 31 gain 980 JAG2 Y 76 76 14 104688404 104688435 31 gain 995 JAG2 Y 76 76 14 104688404 104688435 31 gain 999 JAG2 Y 76 76 14 104688404 104688435 31 gain 1013 JAG2 Y 76 76 14 104688404 104688435 31 gain 1035 JAG2 Y 77 77 1 204483717 204637883 154166 loss 988 CTSE, SRGAP2 Y 77 77 1 204483717 204637883 154166 loss 990 CTSE, SRGAP2 Y 78 78 3 199030475 199192026 161551 loss 967 LMLN, IQCG, RPL35A, LRCH3 Y 79 79 3 199032255 199188547 156292 loss 948 LMLN, IQCG, RPL35A, LRCH3 Y 79 79 3 199032255 199188547 156292 loss 1007 LMLN, IQCG, RPL35A, LRCH3 Y 79 79 3 199032255 199188547 156292 loss 1011 LMLN, IQCG, RPL35A, LRCH3 Y 80 80 3 199033913 199188547 154634 loss 1031 LMLN, IQCG, RPL35A, LRCH3 Y 81 81 3 199038163 199188547 150384 loss 970 LMLN, IQCG, RPL35A, LRCH3 Y 82 82 3 199038163 199187361 149198 loss 1034 LMLN, IQCG, RPL35A, LRCH3 Y 83 83 3 199040318 199188547 148229 loss 952 LMLN, IQCG, RPL35A, LRCH3 Y 84 84 3 199043844 199188547 144703 loss 974 LMLN, IQCG, RPL35A, LRCH3 Y 85 85 4 103960184 103968003 7819 loss 989 UBE2D3 Y 86 86 10 95534054 95536083 2029 loss 952 LGI1 N 86 86 10 95534054 95536083 2029 loss 961 LGI1 N 86 86 10 95534054 95536083 2029 loss 968 LGI1 N 87 87 12 55879318 55902123 22805 gain 1030 LRP1, NXPH4 Y 88 88 12 55880398 55902123 21725 gain 997 LRP1, NXPH4 Y 89 89 10 5965889 5995714 29825 gain 992 ANKRD16, FBXO18 Y 90 90 8 31639124 31642682 3558 loss 1029 NRG1 N 91 91 8 31811829 31815721 3892 loss 1034 NRG1 N 92 92 8 31814234 31815721 1487 loss 1017 NRG1 N 93 93 8 32551972 32553445 1473 loss 1029 NRG1 N 94 94 10 84165642 84171045 5403 gain 988 NRG3 N 95 95 10 84188750 84190301 1551 gain 977 NRG3 N 96 96 12 5390135 5414622 24487 loss 1026 NTF3 Y 97 97 12 5401060 5417862 16802 loss 1019 NTF3 Y 98 98 4 103310758 104753531 1442773 gain 965 CISD2, MANBA, TACR3, CENPE, Y UBE2D3, SLC39A8, SLC9B1, NFKB1, SLC9B2, BDH2 99 99 7 141413352 141442231 28879 gain 999 MGAM Y 99 99 7 141413352 141442231 28879 gain 1030 MGAM Y 100 100 5 140201609 140219465 17856 loss 1024 PCDHA2, PCDHA3, PCDHA1, PCDHA6, PCDHA7, PCDHA4, PCDHA5, PCDHA8, PCDHA9, PCDHA10 101 101 5 140203440 140219465 16025 loss 1004 PCDHA2, PCDHA3, PCDHA1, Y PCDHA6, PCDHA7, PCDHA4, PCDHA5, PCDHA8, PCDHA9, PCDHA10 101 101 5 140203440 140219465 16025 loss 1034 PCDHA2, PCDHA3, PCDHA1, Y PCDHA6, PCDHA7, PCDHA4, PCDHA5, PCDHA8, PCDHA9, PCDHA10 102 102 22 42895171 42898071 2900 gain 992 PARVB Y 102 102 22 42895171 42898071 2900 gain 993 PARVB Y 102 102 22 42895171 42898071 2900 gain 1013 PARVB Y 103 103 12 15557675 15560873 3198 loss 990 PTPRO Y 104 104 12 15557675 15559369 1694 loss 991 PTPRO N 103 103 12 15557675 15560873 3198 loss 1011 PTPRO Y 105 105 1 108535814 108543860 8046 loss 959 SLC25A24 Y 105 105 1 108535814 108543860 8046 loss 1029 SLC25A24 Y 106 106 14 60544757 60553070 8313 loss 991 SLC38A6 Y 106 106 14 60544757 60553070 8313 loss 1034 SLC38A6 Y 107 107 14 60551981 60553070 1089 gain 951 SLC38A6 Y 107 107 14 60551981 60553070 1089 loss 954 SLC38A6 Y 107 107 14 60551981 60553070 1089 loss 1014 SLC38A6 Y 107 107 14 60551981 60553070 1089 loss 1019 SLC38A6 Y 108 108 4 47314693 47323346 8653 loss 1033 CORIN Y 109 109 4 47361851 47362999 1148 gain 978 CORIN Y 110 110 12 31132716 31298659 165943 gain 975 DDX11 Y 111 111 12 31132716 31237505 104789 gain 990 DDX11 Y 111 111 12 31132716 31237505 104789 gain 1004 DDX11 Y 112 112 12 31084265 31242528 158263 gain 977 DDX11-AS1, DDX11 Y 113 113 12 31098259 31237505 139246 gain 966 DDX11-AS1, DDX11 Y 114 114 12 31098259 31242528 144269 gain 992 DDX11-AS1, DDX11 Y 113 113 12 31098259 31237505 139246 gain 1011 DDX11-AS1, DDX11 Y 113 113 12 31098259 31237505 139246 gain 1031 DDX11-AS1, DDX11 Y 115 115 1 194977713 195065867 88154 loss 1028 CFHR3, CFHR1, CFH Y 116 116 1 194978218 195065867 87649 loss 961 CFHR3, CFHR1, CFH Y 116 116 1 194978218 195065867 87649 loss 990 CFHR3, CFHR1, CFH Y 116 116 1 194978218 195065867 87649 loss 996 CFHR3, CFHR1, CFH Y 117 117 1 194977713 195127881 150168 loss 1001 CFHR3, CFHR1, CFHR4, CFH Y 118 118 18 42831086 42836022 4936 gain 947 KATNAL2 Y 118 118 18 42831086 42836022 4936 gain 953 KATNAL2 Y 118 118 18 42831086 42836022 4936 gain 971 KATNAL2 Y 118 118 18 42831086 42836022 4936 gain 988 KATNAL2 Y 118 118 18 42831086 42836022 4936 gain 1006 KATNAL2 Y 119 119 19 54252049 54268744 16695 loss 992 KCNA7, NTF4 Y 120 120 4 57739809 57789510 49701 loss 976 LOC255130 Y 120 120 4 57739809 57789510 49701 loss 986 LOC255130 Y 120 120 4 57739809 57789510 49701 loss 1029 LOC255130 Y 121 121 4 57742531 57789510 46979 loss 951 LOC255130 Y 122 122 4 57742531 57783444 40913 loss 1019 LOC255130 Y 123 123 7 151726377 151747905 21528 loss 967 MLL3 N 124 124 7 151726377 151743145 16768 loss 995 MLL3 N 124 124 7 151726377 151743145 16768 loss 1002 MLL3 N 124 124 7 151726377 151743145 16768 loss 1019 MLL3 N 125 125 7 151728811 151743145 14334 loss 950 MLL3 N 126 126 7 151465378 151895559 430181 gain 958 MLL3, FABP5P3, LOC100128822 Y 127 127 18 31204187 31210105 5918 gain 947 ZNF396 Y 127 127 18 31204187 31210105 5918 gain 953 ZNF396 Y 127 127 18 31204187 31210105 5918 gain 958 ZNF396 Y 127 127 18 31204187 31210105 5918 gain 959 ZNF396 Y 127 127 18 31204187 31210105 5918 gain 973 ZNF396 Y 128 128 17 6399283 6401166 1883 loss 978 PITPNM3 Y 128 128 17 6399283 6401166 1883 gain 992 PITPNM3 Y 128 128 17 6399283 6401166 1883 gain 1013 PITPNM3 Y 128 128 17 6399283 6401166 1883 gain 1017 PITPNM3 Y 129 129 17 62868652 62873107 4455 loss 1009 PITPNC1 N 130 130 17 62869966 62877923 7957 loss 1007 PITPNC1 N 131 131 1 103899771 104012520 112749 loss 1003 ACTG1P4, AMY2A, AMY2B, AMY1A, Y AMY1C, AMY1B 132 132 1 103901454 104012520 111066 loss 1027 ACTG1P4, AMY2A, AMY2B, AMY1A, Y AMY1C, AMY1B 133 133 1 103839772 103904723 64951 gain 998 AMY2B, RNPC3 Y 134 134 5 126784243 126788155 3912 loss 1013 MEGF10 Y 135 135 5 126786974 126788155 1181 loss 986 MEGF10 N 135 135 5 126786974 126788155 1181 loss 1012 MEGF10 N 136 136 19 9134840 9144715 9875 loss 994 ZNF317 Y 136 136 19 9134840 9144715 9875 loss 1008 ZNF317 Y 136 136 19 9134840 9144715 9875 loss 1024 ZNF317 Y 137 137 8 94041443 94059962 18519 loss 1025 TRIQK Y 138 138 8 94043277 94045697 2420 loss 1018 TRIQK N 139 139 22 45468407 45474188 5781 gain 966 CERK Y 140 140 9 98831789 98831814 25 gain 999 CTSL2 Y 140 140 9 98831789 98831814 25 gain 1018 CTSL2 Y 141 141 10 88905200 89245881 340681 gain 969 LOC439994, FAM22D, FAM22A, Y LOC728190, LOC728218, FAM35A 141 141 10 88905200 89245881 340681 gain 999 LOC439994, FAM22D, FAM22A, Y LOC728190, LOC728218, FAM35A 142 142 6 160246670 160248266 1596 loss 986 MAS1 Y 142 142 6 160246670 160248266 1596 loss 1031 MAS1 Y 143 143 13 102137609 102142982 5373 loss 997 METTL21C Y 144 144 13 102139658 102142982 3324 loss 1004 METTL21C Y 145 145 7 156485711 156495904 10193 loss 1014 MNX1 Y 146 146 7 156485711 156490484 4773 loss 1016 MNX1 Y 147 147 1 211022043 211027746 5703 loss 1001 NSL1 Y 147 147 1 211022043 211027746 5703 loss 1036 NSL1 Y 148 148 3 198177030 198187875 10845 gain 967 PIGZ Y 148 148 3 198177030 198187875 10845 gain 975 PIGZ Y 149 149 16 70561211 70562690 1479 gain 948 PKD1L3 Y 149 149 16 70561211 70562690 1479 gain 1033 PKD1L3 Y 150 150 8 37754788 37755937 1149 gain 946 PROSC Y 150 150 8 37754788 37755937 1149 gain 1007 PROSC Y 151 151 8 85403103 85404716 1613 gain 954 RALYL N 152 152 8 85418745 85431319 12574 gain 1037 RALYL Y 153 153 8 85420037 85431319 11282 gain 1024 RALYL Y 154 154 8 85422157 85431319 9162 gain 957 RALYL N 154 154 8 85422157 85431319 9162 gain 992 RALYL N 154 154 8 85422157 85431319 9162 gain 997 RALYL N 154 154 8 85422157 85431319 9162 gain 1000 RALYL N 154 154 8 85422157 85431319 9162 gain 1003 RALYL N 154 154 8 85422157 85431319 9162 gain 1028 RALYL N 154 154 8 85422157 85431319 9162 gain 1030 RALYL N 155 155 8 85839690 85842807 3117 loss 949 RALYL N 156 156 13 113791151 113792974 1823 loss 951 RASA3 Y 156 156 13 113791151 113792974 1823 loss 972 RASA3 Y 156 156 13 113791151 113792974 1823 loss 973 RASA3 Y 156 156 13 113791151 113792974 1823 loss 980 RASA3 Y 157 157 13 113791151 113794669 3518 loss 989 RASA3 Y 157 157 13 113791151 113794669 3518 loss 991 RASA3 Y 158 158 5 145597802 145602068 4266 gain 980 RBM27 N 159 159 5 145627474 145645004 17530 gain 950 RBM27 Y 160 160 5 145627474 145628667 1193 loss 1004 RBM27 Y 161 161 14 72597009 72603806 6797 loss 1007 RBM25 N 161 161 14 72597009 72603806 6797 loss 1025 RBM25 N 162 162 5 33493254 33494402 1148 loss 992 TARS Y 162 162 5 33493254 33494402 1148 loss 1013 TARS Y 163 163 6 133004187 133008146 3959 loss 1017 TAAR1 Y 164 164 13 51954511 51973943 19432 loss 1009 TPTE2P3 Y 164 164 13 51954511 51973943 19432 loss 1014 TPTE2P3 Y 165 165 14 102401445 102414214 12769 loss 997 TRAF3 Y 166 166 14 102406606 102409996 3390 loss 969 TRAF3 Y 167 167 3 115911311 115919955 8644 loss 1034 ZBTB20 Y 167 167 3 115911311 115919955 8644 loss 1036 ZBTB20 Y 168 168 13 113574877 113602677 27800 loss 1020 FAM70B, GAS6-AS1, GAS6 Y 169 169 13 113576560 113602677 26117 loss 1037 FAM70B, GAS6-AS1, GAS6 Y 170 170 2 54308895 54356768 47873 gain 983 TSPYL6, ACYP2 Y 171 171 7 133903992 133913921 9929 loss 983 AKR1B15 Y 172 172 7 133906667 133910372 3705 loss 1032 AKR1B15 Y 173 173 13 24166764 24232405 65641 gain 1002 ATP12A Y 174 174 7 43804939 43809287 4348 gain 1016 BLVRA Y 175 175 7 43807656 43810836 3180 gain 1004 BLVRA Y 176 176 16 84330410 84332684 2274 loss 1034 C16orf74, MIR1910 Y 177 177 16 84332684 84335524 2840 loss 999 C16orf74, MIR1910 Y 178 178 3 11705809 11869809 164000 gain 989 TAMM41, VGLL4 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 948 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 984 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 991 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 993 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 994 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 998 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 1005 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 loss 1009 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 1010 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 1011 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 1013 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 1014 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 1015 COL24A1 Y 179 179 1 85964576 85967615 3039 gain 1020 COL24A1 Y 180 180 5 150082708 150087911 5203 gain 964 DCTN4 Y 181 181 5 150084557 150086690 2133 gain 971 DCTN4 N 182 182 7 14179928 14185615 5687 loss 989 DGKB Y 183 183 7 14727426 14731583 4157 gain 977 DGKB N 184 184 11 84499641 84610167 110526 loss 1026 DLG2 Y 185 185 11 84972646 84980750 8104 loss 1003 DLG2 N 186 186 13 112811735 112813401 1666 loss 965 F7 Y 186 186 13 112811735 112813401 1666 loss 971 F7 Y 186 186 13 112811735 112813401 1666 loss 972 F7 Y 186 186 13 112811735 112813401 1666 loss 973 F7 Y 186 186 13 112811735 112813401 1666 loss 978 F7 Y 186 186 13 112811735 112813401 1666 loss 992 F7 Y 187 187 9 39048058 43599449 4551391 loss 980 LOC653501, FAM95B1, KGFLP2, SPATA31A1, SPATA31A2, SPATA31A3, SPATA31A4, SPATA31A5, SPATA31A6, SPATA31A7, FAM74A1, FAM74A3, LOC642929, FOXD4L4, FOXD4L2, LOC286297, ZNF658B, ANKRD20A2, MGC21881, CNTNAP3, LOC643648, AQP7P3, ZNF658, ANKRD20A3 188 188 9 39062211 43599449 4537238 loss 982 LOC653501, FAM95B1, KGFLP2, SPATA31A1, SPATA31A2, SPATA31A3, SPATA31A4, SPATA31A5, SPATA31A6, SPATA31A7, FAM74A1, FAM74A3, LOC642929, FOXD4L4, FOXD4L2, LOC286297, ZNF658B, ANKRD20A2, MGC21881, CNTNAP3, LOC643648, AQP7P3, ZNF658, ANKRD20A3 189 189 9 38758232 44199401 5441169 loss 975 LOC653501, FAM95B1, KGFLP2, SPATA31A1, SPATA31A2, SPATA31A3, SPATA31A4, SPATA31A5, SPATA31A6, SPATA31A7, FAM74A1, FAM74A3, CNTNAP3B, LOC642929, FOXD4L4, FOXD4L2, LOC286297, ZNF658B, ANKRD20A2, MGC21881, CNTNAP3, LOC643648, AQP7P3, ZNF658, ANKRD20A3 190 190 9 39048058 43776365 4728307 loss 967 LOC653501, FAM95B1, KGFLP2, SPATA31A1, SPATA31A2, SPATA31A3, SPATA31A4, SPATA31A5, SPATA31A6, SPATA31A7, FAM74A1, FAM74A3, CNTNAP3B, LOC642929, FOXD4L4, FOXD4L2, LOC286297, ZNF658B, ANKRD20A2, MGC21881, CNTNAP3, LOC643648, AQP7P3, ZNF658, ANKRD20A3 191 191 9 39048058 43626920 4578862 loss 992 LOC653501, FAM95B1, KGFLP2, SPATA31A1, SPATA31A2, SPATA31A3, SPATA31A4, SPATA31A5, SPATA31A6, SPATA31A7, FAM74A1, FAM74A3, CNTNAP3B, LOC642929, FOXD4L4, FOXD4L2, LOC286297, ZNF658B, ANKRD20A2, MGC21881, CNTNAP3, LOC643648, AQP7P3, ZNF658, ANKRD20A3 190 190 9 39048058 43776365 4728307 loss 994 LOC653501, FAM95B1, KGFLP2, SPATA31A1, SPATA31A2, SPATA31A3, SPATA31A4, SPATA31A5, SPATA31A6, SPATA31A7, FAM74A1, FAM74A3, CNTNAP3B, LOC642929, FOXD4L4, FOXD4L2, LOC286297, ZNF658B, ANKRD20A2, MGC21881, CNTNAP3, LOC643648, AQP7P3, ZNF658, ANKRD20A3 192 192 9 39091349 44199401 5108052 loss 970 LOC653501, FAM95B1, KGFLP2, SPATA31A1, SPATA31A2, SPATA31A3, SPATA31A4, SPATA31A5, SPATA31A6, SPATA31A7, FAM74A1, FAM74A3, CNTNAP3B, LOC642929, FOXD4L4, FOXD4L2, LOC286297, ZNF658B, ANKRD20A2, MGC21881, CNTNAP3, LOC643648, AQP7P3, ZNF658, ANKRD20A3 193 193 9 38758232 45359327 6601095 loss 966 LOC653501, FAM95B1, KGFLP2, SPATA31A1, SPATA31A2, SPATA31A3, SPATA31A4, SPATA31A5, SPATA31A6, SPATA31A7, FAM74A1, FAM74A3, FAM27C, CNTNAP3B, LOC642929, FOXD4L4, FOXD4L2, LOC286297, ZNF658B, ANKRD20A2, MGC21881, CNTNAP3, LOC643648, AQP7P3, ZNF658, ANKRD20A3 194 194 X 29367686 29369448 1762 gain 958 IL1RAPL1 N 195 195 X 29595687 29597689 2002 loss 1035 IL1RAPL1 Y 196 196 X 104510036 104512681 2645 loss 979 IL1RAPL2 N 196 196 X 104510036 104512681 2645 loss 1003 IL1RAPL2 N 196 196 X 104510036 104512681 2645 loss 1023 IL1RAPL2 N 197 197 1 1707874 1914525 206651 gain 1020 KIAA1751, TMEM52, GNB1, CALML6 Y 198 198 12 10465787 10540088 74301 gain 947 KLRC1, KLRC2 Y 199 199 12 10464018 10534393 70375 gain 979 KLRC1, KLRC3, KLRC2 Y 200 200 8 144845724 144863110 17386 loss 1008 BREA2, ZNF707, CCDC166 Y 200 200 8 144845724 144863110 17386 loss 1024 BREA2, ZNF707, CCDC166 Y 201 201 11 88258151 88274575 16424 loss 949 GRM5 N 202 202 11 88268465 88305485 37020 loss 1003 GRM5 N 203 203 17 41501967 41710400 208433 loss 1024 KANSL1, KANSL1-AS1 Y 204 204 17 41519702 41710400 190698 loss 1028 KANSL1, KANSL1-AS1 Y 205 205 10 76129083 76135755 6672 gain 955 ADK N 205 205 10 76129083 76135755 6672 gain 959 ADK N 205 205 10 76129083 76135755 6672 gain 964 ADK N 205 205 10 76129083 76135755 6672 loss 988 ADK N 205 205 10 76129083 76135755 6672 loss 1007 ADK N 206 206 10 60139394 60201113 61719 gain 992 FAM133CP, BICC1 Y 207 207 3 174692234 174701950 9716 gain 952 NLGN1 N 208 208 3 174692234 174704469 12235 gain 975 NLGN1 N 208 208 3 174692234 174704469 12235 gain 978 NLGN1 N 209 209 3 174692234 174706670 14436 gain 1020 NLGN1 N 208 208 3 174692234 174704469 12235 gain 1022 NLGN1 N 210 210 3 174692778 174708603 15825 gain 1034 NLGN1 N 211 211 19 794973 798817 3844 gain 961 PRTN3 Y 212 212 19 794973 801351 6378 loss 998 PRTN3 Y 213 213 8 99038720 99041695 2975 loss 1004 MATN2 N 214 214 8 99039952 99041695 1743 loss 968 MATN2 N 214 214 8 99039952 99041695 1743 loss 975 MATN2 N 214 214 8 99039952 99041695 1743 loss 993 MATN2 N 215 215 6 134624093 134635779 11686 gain 953 SGK1 Y 215 215 6 134624093 134635779 11686 gain 957 SGK1 Y 215 215 6 134624093 134635779 11686 gain 963 SGK1 Y 215 215 6 134624093 134635779 11686 gain 981 SGK1 Y 215 215 6 134624093 134635779 11686 gain 984 SGK1 Y 215 215 6 134624093 134635779 11686 gain 1003 SGK1 Y 215 215 6 134624093 134635779 11686 gain 1005 SGK1 Y 216 216 2 3708749 3714236 5487 loss 995 ALLC N 216 216 2 3708749 3714236 5487 loss 1001 ALLC N 216 216 2 3708749 3714236 5487 loss 1018 ALLC N 216 216 2 3708749 3714236 5487 loss 1019 ALLC N 217 217 5 134286886 134289928 3042 gain 961 PCBD2 N 217 217 5 134286886 134289928 3042 gain 975 PCBD2 N 217 217 5 134286886 134289928 3042 gain 993 PCBD2 N 217 217 5 134286886 134289928 3042 gain 1030 PCBD2 N 218 218 2 214581782 214586936 5154 loss 993 SPAG16 Y 219 219 2 214805561 214828475 22914 gain 1018 SPAG16 N 220 220 2 214886207 214887681 1474 loss 999 SPAG16 N 221 221 8 144970607 144970777 170 gain 946 PUF60 Y 221 221 8 144970607 144970777 170 gain 949 PUF60 Y 221 221 8 144970607 144970777 170 gain 961 PUF60 Y 221 221 8 144970607 144970777 170 gain 968 PUF60 Y 221 221 8 144970607 144970777 170 gain 974 PUF60 Y 221 221 8 144970607 144970777 170 gain 975 PUF60 Y 221 221 8 144970607 144970777 170 gain 1034 PUF60 Y 222 222 8 74526051 74527806 1755 gain 1032 STAU2 N 223 223 8 74753295 74778653 25358 gain 1012 STAU2 Y 224 224 8 74753948 74761544 7596 gain 992 STAU2 N 225 225 8 88382155 88388307 6152 gain 964 CNBD1 N 225 225 8 88382155 88388307 6152 gain 971 CNBD1 N 225 225 8 88382155 88388307 6152 loss 975 CNBD1 N 225 225 8 88382155 88388307 6152 loss 990 CNBD1 N 226 226 10 122623381 122626509 3128 gain 966 WDR11, MIR5694 Y 227 227 10 122633344 122640560 7216 gain 950 WDR11, MIR5694 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 947 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 953 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 955 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 957 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 958 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 959 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 960 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 971 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 977 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 982 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 997 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 1001 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 1003 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 1006 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 1031 RNF130 Y 228 228 5 179430821 179431937 1116 loss 1033 RNF130 Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 960 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 969 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 971 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 984 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 992 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 993 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 994 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 997 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 loss 998 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 1000 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 1003 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 loss 1004 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 1017 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 1025 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 1028 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 loss 1029 VIMP Y 229 229 15 99634434 99635701 1267 gain 1035 VIMP Y 230 230 19 42537228 42537766 538 loss 990 HKR1 N 230 230 19 42537228 42537766 538 loss 991 HKR1 N 231 231 19 42537228 42544684 7456 loss 1014 HKR1 N 230 230 19 42537228 42537766 538 loss 1022 HKR1 N 232 232 7 55855108 55873303 18195 loss 957 SEPT14 Y 233 233 7 55878374 55890585 12211 loss 1003 SEPT14 Y 234 234 7 23802428 23809398 6970 loss 993 STK31 N 234 234 7 23802428 23809398 6970 loss 1004 STK31 N 235 235 7 23802428 23809218 6790 loss 1009 STK31 N 236 236 7 23802428 23811096 8668 loss 1013 STK31 N 234 234 7 23802428 23809398 6970 loss 1022 STK31 N 235 235 7 23802428 23809218 6790 loss 1036 STK31 N 237 237 20 51045995 51058635 12640 loss 952 TSHZ2 N 238 238 20 51053053 51054248 1195 loss 961 TSHZ2 N 238 238 20 51053053 51054248 1195 loss 975 TSHZ2 N 239 239 20 51053053 51058635 5582 loss 980 TSHZ2 N 240 240 19 42386895 42388238 1343 loss 986 ZNF585B N 240 240 19 42386895 42388238 1343 loss 1012 ZNF585B N 240 240 19 42386895 42388238 1343 loss 1017 ZNF585B N 240 240 19 42386895 42388238 1343 loss 1026 ZNF585B N 241 241 X 39852030 39853092 1062 gain 970 BCOR N 241 241 X 39852030 39853092 1062 loss 1016 BCOR N 241 241 X 39852030 39853092 1062 loss 1031 BCOR N 242 242 1 195559094 195562465 3371 gain 958 CRB1 N 243 243 1 195561305 195562465 1160 gain 972 CRB1 N 243 243 1 195561305 195562465 1160 gain 1002 CRB1 N 244 244 3 172847008 172850471 3463 loss 994 PLD1 N 245 245 3 173003698 173009667 5969 loss 991 PLD1 N 246 246 3 173003698 173006873 3175 loss 1015 PLD1 N 246 246 3 173003698 173006873 3175 loss 1022 PLD1 N 247 247 8 18894239 18908287 14048 gain 949 PSD3 N 247 247 8 18894239 18908287 14048 gain 985 PSD3 N 247 247 8 18894239 18908287 14048 gain 1016 PSD3 N 248 248 14 71779767 71780825 1058 gain 998 RGS6 N 248 248 14 71779767 71780825 1058 gain 1016 RGS6 N 248 248 14 71779767 71780825 1058 gain 1019 RGS6 N 249 249 6 72916886 72924440 7554 gain 1029 RIMS1 N 250 250 6 72920894 72931789 10895 gain 996 RIMS1 N 251 251 17 16480516 16489447 8931 loss 975 ZNF624 N 252 252 17 16480516 16483386 2870 loss 991 ZNF624 N 252 252 17 16480516 16483386 2870 loss 1004 ZNF624 N 253 253 12 42159304 42167699 8395 loss 946 ADAMTS20 N 253 253 12 42159304 42167699 8395 gain 951 ADAMTS20 N 254 254 1 6779563 6789223 9660 gain 973 CAMTA1 N 255 255 1 6786219 6790460 4241 gain 962 CAMTA1 N 256 256 1 7056961 7059582 2621 gain 1037 CAMTA1 N 257 257 16 81590448 81599011 8563 loss 994 CDH13 N 258 258 16 81592666 81599011 6345 loss 993 CDH13 N 259 259 16 81752862 81755529 2667 gain 1025 CDH13 N 259 259 16 81752862 81755529 2667 gain 1030 CDH13 N 260 260 12 105959641 105980836 21195 gain 964 CRY1 N 261 261 12 105966884 105967651 767 gain 950 CRY1 N 262 262 7 101300618 101307173 6555 loss 1024 CUX1 N 262 262 7 101300618 101307173 6555 loss 1026 CUX1 N 263 263 19 15640597 15677382 36785 gain 1001 CYP4F12 Y 264 264 19 15664290 15667581 3291 gain 950 CYP4F12 N 265 265 8 1491491 1500993 9502 gain 998 DLGAP2 N 266 266 8 1496880 1499520 2640 gain 1012 DLGAP2 N 267 267 2 153167113 153169656 2543 gain 962 FMNL2 N 267 267 2 153167113 153169656 2543 gain 977 FMNL2 N 268 268 5 90112791 90112816 25 loss 969 GPR98 N 269 269 5 90254811 90261232 6421 loss 1015 GPR98 N 269 269 5 90254811 90261232 6421 loss 1020 GPR98 N 270 270 16 9962571 9968344 5773 gain 1032 GRIN2A N 271 271 16 9965024 9968344 3320 gain 1001 GRIN2A N 272 272 16 9979934 9981275 1341 gain 1032 GRIN2A N 273 273 1 113847479 113848985 1506 loss 1016 MAGI3 N 273 273 1 113847479 113848985 1506 loss 1036 MAGI3 N 274 274 2 210019796 210021952 2156 loss 969 MAP2 N 275 275 2 210089280 210092780 3500 loss 990 MAP2 N 276 276 9 27323197 27324577 1380 loss 975 MOB3B N 277 277 9 27365836 27367745 1909 gain 989 MOB3B N 278 278 8 63429132 63445676 16544 loss 1003 NKAIN3 N 279 279 8 63686220 63692725 6505 loss 992 NKAIN3 N 279 279 8 63686220 63692725 6505 loss 999 NKAIN3 N 280 280 14 78086003 78087442 1439 gain 971 NRXN3 N 281 281 14 78227579 78233664 6085 loss 1002 NRXN3 N 282 282 14 79127635 79134722 7087 loss 971 NRXN3 N 283 283 14 79127635 79128659 1024 loss 986 NRXN3 N 284 284 14 79174722 79183154 8432 gain 1035 NRXN3 N 285 285 6 144006076 144011154 5078 loss 989 PHACTR2 N 285 285 6 144006076 144011154 5078 loss 990 PHACTR2 N 286 286 12 63346598 63347718 1120 loss 978 RASSF3 N 287 287 12 63346598 63349229 2631 loss 987 RASSF3 N 288 288 1 211441787 211462117 20330 gain 1027 RPS6KC1 N 289 289 1 211453716 211460007 6291 gain 958 RPS6KC1 N 290 290 11 13984290 13989127 4837 loss 995 SPON1 N 290 290 11 13984290 13989127 4837 loss 996 SPON1 N 291 291 3 122247183 122251797 4614 loss 990 STXBP5L N 291 291 3 122247183 122251797 4614 loss 1033 STXBP5L N 292 292 3 122473098 122479931 6833 loss 1004 STXBP5L N 293 293 17 9267206 9269293 2087 gain 1027 STX8 N 294 294 17 9269293 9272211 2918 gain 982 STX8 N 295 295 12 77815879 77835641 19762 loss 1002 SYT1 N 295 295 12 77815879 77835641 19762 loss 1015 SYT1 N 296 296 12 6315047 6317276 2229 loss 1003 TNFRSF1A N 296 296 12 6315047 6317276 2229 loss 1005 TNFRSF1A N 297 297 2 54317909 54320610 2701 gain 962 ACYP2 N 298 298 4 73518013 73522044 4031 gain 971 ADAMTS3 N 299 299 4 73557728 73567966 10238 loss 1002 ADAMTS3 N 300 300 7 97767682 97771031 3349 gain 986 BAIAP2L1 N 301 301 7 97805256 97807057 1801 gain 989 BAIAP2L1 N 302 302 11 47040725 47045421 4696 loss 1035 Cllorf49 N 303 303 11 47098212 47098992 780 loss 1017 Cllorf49 N 304 304 7 81791206 81794051 2845 gain 1019 CACNA2D1 N 305 305 7 81792312 81794051 1739 gain 952 CACNA2D1 N 305 305 7 81792312 81794051 1739 gain 989 CACNA2D1 N 305 305 7 81792312 81794051 1739 gain 1002 CACNA2D1 N 305 305 7 81792312 81794051 1739 gain 1009 CACNA2D1 N 305 305 7 81792312 81794051 1739 gain 1016 CACNA2D1 N 305 305 7 81792312 81794051 1739 gain 1022 CACNA2D1 N 305 305 7 81792312 81794051 1739 gain 1026 CACNA2D1 N 305 305 7 81792312 81794051 1739 gain 1036 CACNA2D1 N 305 305 7 81792312 81794051 1739 gain 1037 CACNA2D1 N 306 306 9 140136862 140145683 8821 gain 981 CACNA1B Y 307 307 5 106844020 106849671 5651 loss 1015 EFNA5 N 308 308 5 106868586 106875551 6965 loss 992 EFNA5 N 309 309 3 89522996 89718542 195546 gain 960 EPHA3 Y 310 310 2 154593217 154611228 18011 gain 950 GALNT13 N 311 311 2 154915705 154919651 3946 loss 1022 GALNT13 N 312 312 2 154953643 154955528 1885 gain 1037 GALNT13 N 313 313 1 18377963 18381122 3159 gain 965 IGSF21 N 314 314 1 18554390 18556733 2343 loss 966 IGSF21 N 315 315 2 238217378 238224411 7033 gain 1010 LRRFIP1 N 316 316 2 238219154 238224411 5257 gain 952 LRRFIP1 N 316 316 2 238219154 238224411 5257 gain 966 LRRFIP1 N 316 316 2 238219154 238224411 5257 gain 976 LRRFIP1 N 316 316 2 238219154 238224411 5257 gain 978 LRRFIP1 N 316 316 2 238219154 238224411 5257 gain 1002 LRRFIP1 N 316 316 2 238219154 238224411 5257 gain 1014 LRRFIP1 N 316 316 2 238219154 238224411 5257 gain 1034 LRRFIP1 N 317 317 X 152978747 152981151 2404 gain 999 MECP2 N 317 317 X 152978747 152981151 2404 gain 1022 MECP2 N 318 318 1 239259578 239489157 229579 gain 948 MIR3123, RGS7 Y 319 319 19 3355220 3356334 1114 gain 949 NFIC N 319 319 19 3355220 3356334 1114 gain 951 NFIC N 319 319 19 3355220 3356334 1114 gain 954 NFIC N 319 319 19 3355220 3356334 1114 gain 970 NFIC N 319 319 19 3355220 3356334 1114 gain 978 NFIC N 319 319 19 3355220 3356334 1114 gain 995 NFIC N 319 319 19 3355220 3356334 1114 gain 1005 NFIC N 319 319 19 3355220 3356334 1114 gain 1022 NFIC N 319 319 19 3355220 3356334 1114 gain 1034 NFIC N 320 320 9 8344218 8345409 1191 gain 993 PTPRD N 321 321 9 9055746 9057345 1599 loss 1016 PTPRD N 322 322 9 9675661 9679084 3423 loss 1036 PTPRD N 323 323 9 10164640 10167989 3349 gain 950 PTPRD N 324 324 9 10395198 10398529 3331 loss 1012 PTPRD N 325 325 15 59220825 59234113 13288 gain 996 RORA N 326 326 15 59220825 59221540 715 gain 998 RORA N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 948 SCAMP1 N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 950 SCAMP1 N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 955 SCAMP1 N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 957 SCAMP1 N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 958 SCAMP1 N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 970 SCAMP1 N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 978 SCAMP1 N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 988 SCAMP1 N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 995 SCAMP1 N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 1000 SCAMP1 N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 1002 SCAMP1 N 327 327 5 77724204 77725392 1188 gain 1028 SCAMP1 N 328 328 12 42909733 42912201 2468 loss 979 TMEM117 N 329 329 12 42912202 42913523 1321 loss 1014 TMEM117 N 330 330 3 11693583 11695234 1651 loss 974 VGLL4 N 331 331 7 70311792 70316530 4738 gain 1019 WBSCR17 N 332 332 7 70661573 70662760 1187 loss 978 WBSCR17 N 333 333 1 68435695 68436445 750 loss 961 WLS, GNG12-AS1 N 333 333 1 68435695 68436445 750 gain 971 WLS, GNG12-AS1 N 333 333 1 68435695 68436445 750 gain 992 WLS, GNG12-AS1 N 333 333 1 68435695 68436445 750 gain 997 WLS, GNG12-AS1 N 333 333 1 68435695 68436445 750 loss 998 WLS, GNG12-AS1 N 333 333 1 68435695 68436445 750 gain 999 WLS, GNG12-AS1 N 333 333 1 68435695 68436445 750 loss 1011 WLS, GNG12-AS1 N 333 333 1 68435695 68436445 750 gain 1013 WLS, GNG12-AS1 N 334 334 1 68435695 68439703 4008 loss 1020 WLS, GNG12-AS1 N 335 335 8 56318028 56321660 3632 gain 992 XKR4 N 336 336 8 56363588 56368489 4901 loss 1028 XKR4 N 337 337 5 172485049 172499213 14164 gain 958 CREBRF Y 338 338 4 37191879 37278974 87095 loss 1011 C4orf19, RELL1 Y 339 339 2 44392191 44488199 96008 loss 978 CAMKMT, PREPL, SLC3A1 Y 340 340 12 122838898 122840411 1513 loss 975 DNAH10 Y 341 341 3 57391544 57403468 11924 loss 986 DNAH12 Y 342 342 6 38910371 38921613 11242 gain 957 DNAH8 Y 343 343 5 138783067 138788669 5602 gain 1005 DNAJC18 Y 344 344 3 60640025 60872007 231982 loss 967 FHIT Y 345 345 3 189367406 189936236 568830 gain 971 FLJ42393, LPP Y 346 346 22 20711753 21392867 681114 loss 963 GGTLC2, LOC96610, PRAME, Y ZNF280B, ZNF280A, LOC648691, POM121L1P, VPREB1 347 347 22 20716147 21576859 860712 loss 947 GGTLC2, LOC96610, PRAME, IGLL5, Y ZNF280B, ZNF280A, LOC648691, POM121L1P, MIR650, VPREB1 348 348 1 233606018 233781576 175558 gain 1018 GNG4, TBCE, B3GALNT2 Y 349 349 6 87558407 87787539 229132 gain 980 HTRIE Y 350 350 8 42308627 42312018 3391 gain 989 IKBKB Y 351 351 16 31186841 31256185 69344 gain 1020 ITGAM Y 352 352 1 153095163 153108159 12996 gain 950 KCNN3 Y 353 353 2 143350188 143354905 4717 loss 1037 KYNU Y 354 354 10 78775816 79543704 767888 gain 946 LOC100128292, RPS24, DLG5, Y KCNMA1, POLR3A 355 355 8 142345181 142510717 165536 gain 1036 LOC731779, GPR20, PTP4A3 Y 356 356 2 169872912 169890340 17428 loss 1037 LRP2 Y 357 357 12 38904346 38909561 5215 gain 972 LRRK2 Y 358 358 8 17702372 17880477 178105 loss 976 MTUS1, FGL1, PCM1 Y 359 359 2 170839943 170843170 3227 gain 955 MY03B N 360 360 2 170842044 170843170 1126 loss 1002 MY03B N 361 361 2 171074964 171076390 1426 loss 1007 MY03B N 362 362 2 171186115 171203861 17746 gain 959 MY03B N 363 363 2 171193428 171205175 11747 gain 1037 MY03B N 364 364 7 100622624 100660738 38114 loss 964 PLOD3, ZNHIT1, MOGAT3 Y 365 365 6 149859127 149870155 11028 loss 1010 PPIL4 Y 366 366 20 2873876 2879388 5512 gain 962 PTPRA Y 367 367 1 196963584 196986393 22809 loss 1034 PTPRC Y 368 368 4 2481647 2661045 179398 loss 969 RNF4, FAM193A Y 369 369 18 16833161 16851074 17913 gain 965 ROCK1 Y 370 370 6 125405845 125410165 4320 loss 1001 RNF217 Y 371 371 8 41199070 41267922 68852 gain 996 SFRP1 Y 372 372 6 43253688 43256242 2554 loss 1001 SRF Y 373 373 15 72197969 72283889 85920 gain 1012 STRA6, ISLR, ISLR2, LOC283731 Y 374 374 1 243943023 244875851 932828 gain 986 TFB2M, CNST, LOC255654, SMYD3 Y 375 375 19 54388780 54397344 8564 loss 993 TRPM4 Y 376 376 18 169042 184227 15185 loss 957 USP14 Y 377 377 2 198356013 198386999 30986 gain 1036 BOLL, PLCL1 Y 378 378 12 63107981 63136048 28067 gain 1027 XPOT, TBK1 Y 379 379 6 135696211 136199542 503331 loss 1024 LINC00271, AHI1, MIR548H4 Y 380 380 16 71619180 72163605 544425 gain 1011 LOC100506172, HTA, ZFHX3 Y 381 381 7 18161134 18275401 114267 loss 971 HDAC9 Y 382 382 21 38314286 38675904 361618 gain 1015 DSCR4, ERG, DSCR8, KCNJ15, Y DSCR10

TABLE 2 Size Exon Chr Start Stop (bp) PD Case ID GeneNames overlap 1 1707874 1914525 206651 1020 KIAA1751, TMEM52, GNB1, CALML6 Y 1 6779563 6786218 6655 973 CAMTA1 N 1 6786219 6789223 3004 962; 973 CAMTA1 N 1 6789224 6790460 1236 962 CAMTA1 N 1 7056961 7059582 2621 1037 CAMTA1 N 1 18377963 18381122 3159 965 IGSF21 N 1 18554390 18556733 2343 966 IGSF21 N 1 68435695 68436445 750 961; 971; 992; 997; 998; 999; WLS, GNG12-AS1 N 1011; 1013; 1020 1 68436446 68439703 3257 1020 WLS, GNG12-AS1 N 1 74271266 74334696 63430 2544 LRRIQ3 Y 1 74359462 74372201 12739 2222 LRRIQ3 N 1 74361348 74372201 10853 968; 1010; 1029 LRRIQ3 N 1 74421868 74434506 12638 2539 LRRIQ3 Y 1 74421868 74434506 12638 2610 LRRIQ3 Y 1 85964576 85967615 3039 948; 984; 991; 993; 994; 998; COL24A1 Y 1005; 1009; 1010; 1011; 1013; 1014; 1015; 1020 1 103839772 103899770 59998 998 AMY2B, RNPC3 Y 1 103899771 103901453 1682 998; 1003 AMY2B N 1 103901454 103904722 3268 998; 1003; 1027 AMY2B N 1 108538663 108543860 5197 959; 1029 SLC25A24 N 1 113847479 113848985 1506 1016; 1036 MAGI3 N 1 153095163 153108159 12996 950 KCNN3 Y 1 194977713 194978217 504 1001; 1028 CFH Y 1 194978218 195009357 31139 961; 990; 996; 1001; 1028 CFH Y 1 195559094 195562465 3371 958; 972; 1002 CRB1 N 1 196963584 196986393 22809 1034 PTPRC Y 1 204497847 204637883 140036 988; 990 CTSE, SRGAP2 Y 1 211022043 211027746 5703 1001; 1036 NSL1 Y 1 211441787 211453715 11928 1027 RPS6KC1 N 1 211453716 211460007 6291 958; 1027 RPS6KC1 N 1 211460008 211462117 2109 1027 RPS6KC1 N 1 233606018 233781576 175558 1018 GNG4, TBCE, B3GALNT2 Y 1 239259578 239489157 229579 948 MIR3123,RGS7 Y 1 243943023 244875851 932828 986 TFB2M, CNST, LOC255654, SMYD3 Y 2 3708749 3713663 4914 995; 1001; 1018; 1019 ALLC N 2 44398520 44488199 89679 978 CAMKMT, PREPL, SLC3A1 Y 2 54308895 54317908 9013 983 ACYP2 N 2 54317909 54320610 2701 962 ACYP2 N 2 54317909 54320610 2701 962; 983 ACYP2 N 2 54320611 54356768 36157 983 TSPYL6, ACYP2 Y 2 112750646 112761949 11303 996; 1022 ZC3H6 N 2 112752277 112761949 9672 2327 ZC3H6 N 2 112752277 112761949 9672 2342 ZC3H6 N 2 112752277 112761949 9672 2360 ZC3H6 N 2 112752277 112761949 9672 2426 ZC3H6 N 2 112752277 112761949 9672 2515 ZC3H6 N 2 112752277 112761949 9672 2587 ZC3H6 N 2 143350188 143354905 4717 1037 KYNU Y 2 153167113 153168325 1212 962; 977 FMNL2 N 2 154593217 154605620 12403 950 GALNT13 N 2 154915705 154919651 3946 1022 GALNT13 N 2 154953643 154955528 1885 1037 GALNT13 N 2 169872912 169890340 17428 1037 LRP2 Y 2 170842044 170843170 1126 955; 1002 MYO3B N 2 171074964 171076390 1426 1007 MYO3B N 2 171186115 171193427 7312 959 MYO3B N 2 171193428 171203861 10433 959; 1037 MYO3B N 2 171203862 171205175 1313 1037 MYO3B N 2 198356013 198386999 30986 1036 BOLL, PLCL1 Y 2 198497294 198505239 7945 2190 PLCL1 N 2 198497294 198505239 7945 2298 PLCL1 N 2 198497294 198505239 7945 2575 PLCL1 N 2 210019796 210021952 2156 969 MAP2 N 2 210089280 210092780 3500 990 MAP2 N 2 214581782 214582920 1138 993 SPAG16 N 2 214584322 214586936 2614 993 SPAG16 Y 2 214805561 214807910 2349 1018 SPAG16 N 2 214886207 214887681 1474 999 SPAG16 N 2 238217378 238219153 1775 1010 LRRFIP1 N 2 238223193 238224411 1218 952; 966; 976; 978; 1002; LRRFIP1 N 1010; 1014; 1034 3 11693583 11695234 1651 974 VGLL4 N 3 11705809 11869809 164000 989 TAMM41, VGLL4 Y 3 30711659 30768467 56808 2613 GADL1 Y 3 30739769 30743172 3403 1017; 1025 GADL1 Y 3 30743173 30748426 5253 978; 1017; 1025 GADL1 Y 3 30748427 30751038 2611 1017 GADL1 N 3 30768468 30770607 2139 2577 GADL1 N 3 30768468 30770607 2139 2613 GADL1 N 3 30770608 30807514 36906 2613 GADL1 Y 3 30845814 30896445 50631 2603 GADL1 Y 3 55514618 55517737 3119 969; 999; 1005 ERC2 Y 3 57391544 57403468 11924 986 DNAH12 Y 3 60640025 60872007 231982 967 FHIT Y 3 60774433 60817887 43454 967 FHIT Y 3 89522996 89616359 93363 960 EPHA3 Y 3 115911311 115919955 8644 1034; 1036 ZBTB20 Y 3 122247183 122251797 4614 990; 1033 STXBP5L N 3 122473098 122479931 6833 1004 STXBP5L N 3 172847008 172850471 3463 994 PLD1 N 3 173003698 173005242 1544 991; 1015; 1022 PLD1 N 3 173006874 173009667 2793 991 PLD1 N 3 174698474 174701950 3476 952; 975; 978; 1020; 1022; NLGN1 N 1034 3 174701951 174704469 2518 975; 978; 1020; 1022; 1034 NLGN1 N 3 174704470 174706670 2200 1020; 1034 NLGN1 N 3 174706671 174708603 1932 1034 NLGN1 N 3 189753649 189936236 182587 971 LPP Y 3 193372894 193374127 1233 1016 FGF12 N 3 193472185 193478807 6622 2053 FGF12 N 3 193472185 193478807 6622 2418 FGF12 N 3 193472185 193478807 6622 2427 FGF12 N 3 193472185 193478807 6622 2450 FGF12 N 3 193678496 193680012 1516 1029 FGF12 N 3 193785530 193787654 2124 1030 FGF12 N 3 193794412 193797190 2778 947; 959 FGF12 N 3 198036999 198041361 4362 948; 950; 951; 1020; 1034 PAK2 Y 3 198042682 198125625 82943 948; 950; 951; 1020; 1034 SENP5, PAK2 Y 3 198119175 198124199 5024 2322 SENP5 N 3 198119175 198124199 5024 2345 SENP5 N 3 198119175 198124199 5024 2366 SENP5 N 3 198119175 198124199 5024 2427 SENP5 N 3 198177030 198187875 10845 967; 975 PIGZ Y 3 199030475 199032254 1779 967 LRCH3 Y 3 199033913 199038162 4249 948; 967; 1007; 1011; 1031 LRCH3 Y 3 199081462 199187361 105899 948; 952; 967; 970; 974; 1007; LMLN, IQCG, RPL35A, LRCH3 Y 1011; 1031; 1034 3 199187362 199188547 1185 948; 952; 967; 970; 974; 1007; LMLN Y 1011; 1031 4 2483395 2529866 46471 969 RNF4 Y 4 37191879 37278974 87095 1011 C4orfl9, RELL1 Y 4 47314693 47323346 8653 1033 CORIN Y 4 47361851 47362999 1148 978 CORIN Y 4 57739809 57742530 2721 976; 986; 1029 LOC255130 N 4 57742531 57745126 2595 951; 976; 986; 1019; 1029 LOC255130 N 4 73518013 73522044 4031 971 ADAMTS3 N 4 73557728 73567966 10238 1002 ADAMTS3 N 4 103310758 103960183 649425 965 SLC39A8, NFKB1, UBE2D3, MANBA Y 4 103960184 103968003 7819 965; 989 UBE2D3 Y 4 104002633 104753531 750898 965 CISD2, TACR3, CENPE, UBE2D3, Y SLC9B1, SLC9B2, BDH2 5 33493254 33494402 1148 992; 1013 TARS Y 5 44280749 44389035 108286 966 FGF10 Y 5 77724204 77725392 1188 948; 950; 955; 957; 958; 970; SCAMP1 N 978; 988; 995; 1000; 1002; 1028 5 90112791 90112816 25 969 GPR98 N 5 90254811 90261232 6421 1015; 1020 GPR98 N 5 106844020 106849671 5651 1015 EFNA5 N 5 106868586 106875551 6965 992 EFNA5 N 5 126784243 126786973 2730 1013 MEGF10 Y 5 126786974 126788155 1181 986; 1012; 1013 MEGF10 N 5 127434789 127436376 1587 2315 FLJ33630 N 5 127434789 127436376 1587 2350 FLJ33630 N 5 127434789 127436376 1587 2563 FLJ33630 N 5 127438119 127439603 1484 990; 1029 FLJ33630 N 5 127439604 127443917 4313 1029 FLJ33630 N 5 134286886 134289928 3042 961; 975; 993; 1030 PCBD2 N 5 138783067 138788669 5602 1005 DNAJC18 Y 5 140216525 140219465 2940 1004; 1024; 1034 PCDHA2, PCDHA3, PCDHA1, PCDHA6, Y PCDHA7, PCDHA4, PCDHA5, PCDHA8, PCDHA9, PCDHA10 5 145597802 145602068 4266 980 RBM27 N 5 145627474 145628667 1193 950; 1004 RBM27 Y 5 145628668 145645004 16336 950 RBM27 Y 5 150082708 150087911 5203 964 DCTN4 Y 5 150084557 150086690 2133 971 DCTN4 N 5 150084557 150086690 2133 964; 971 DCTN4 N 5 171229766 171231310 1544 967 FBXW11 Y 5 171335918 171339127 3209 971 FBXW11 N 5 172485049 172499213 14164 958 CREBRF Y 5 179430821 179431937 1116 947; 953; 955; 957; 958; 959; RNF130 Y 960; 971; 977; 982; 997; 1001; 1003; 1006; 1031; 1033 6 18532373 18534548 2175 2372 RNF144B N 6 18532373 18534548 2175 2620 RNF144B N 6 18532373 18534548 2175 2629 RNF144B N 6 18574467 18576632 2165 1024 RNF144B Y 6 38910371 38921613 11242 957 DNAH8 Y 6 43253688 43256242 2554 1001 SRF Y 6 72916886 72917266 380 1029 RIMS1 N 6 72931543 72931789 246 996 RIMS1 N 6 87558407 87787539 229132 980 HTR1E Y 6 125405845 125410165 4320 1001 RNF217 Y 6 133004187 133008146 3959 1017 TAAR1 Y 6 134624093 134631700 7607 953; 957; 963; 981; 984; 1003; SGK1 Y 1005 6 135696211 135794161 97950 1024 AHI1, MIR548H4 Y 6 135797170 135954136 156966 1024 LINC00271, AHI1, MIR548H4 Y 6 144006076 144011154 5078 989; 990 PHACTR2 N 6 149859127 149870155 11028 1010 PPIL4 Y 6 151310683 151312867 2184 992 MTHFD1L Y 6 151314466 151317012 2546 2342 MTHFD1L N 6 151314466 151317012 2546 2583 MTHFD1L N 6 151314466 151317012 2546 2631 MTHFD1L N 6 151314466 151318805 4339 992; 1013 MTHFD1L Y 6 160246670 160248266 1596 986; 1031 MAS1 Y 7 14179928 14185615 5687 989 DGKB Y 7 14727426 14731583 4157 977 DGKB N 7 18161134 18275401 114267 971 HDAC9 Y 7 23802428 23809218 6790 993; 1004; 1009; 1013; 1022; STK31 N 1036 7 23809219 23809398 179 993; 1004; 1013; 1022 STK31 N 7 23809399 23811096 1697 1013 STK31 N 7 43804939 43807655 2716 1016 BLVRA Y 7 43809288 43810836 1548 1004 BLVRA Y 7 55855108 55873303 18195 957 SEPT14 Y 7 55878374 55890585 12211 1003 SEPT14 Y 7 70311792 70316530 4738 1019 WBSCR17 N 7 70661573 70662760 1187 978 WBSCR17 N 7 81791206 81792311 1105 1019 CACNA2D1 N 7 81792312 81794051 1739 952; 989; 1002; 1009; 1016; CACNA2D1 N 1019; 1022; 1026; 1036; 1037 7 97767682 97771031 3349 986 BAIAP2L1 N 7 97805256 97807057 1801 983; 989 BAIAP2L1 N 7 100622624 100660738 38114 964 PLOD3, ZNHIT1, MOGAT3 Y 7 101300618 101307173 6555 1024; 1026 CUX1 N 7 133903992 133913921 9929 983 AKR1B15 Y 7 133906667 133910372 3705 1032 AKR1B15 Y 7 133906667 133910372 3705 983; 1032 AKR1B15 Y 7 141440185 141442231 2046 999; 1030 MGAM Y 7 146842506 146844392 1886 2306 CNTNAP2 N 7 146842506 146844392 1886 2408 CNTNAP2 N 7 146842506 146844392 1886 2608 CNTNAP2 N 7 147441927 147443119 1192 2266 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 7 147441927 147443119 1192 2269 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 7 147441927 147443119 1192 2320 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 7 147441927 147443119 1192 2436 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 7 147441927 147443119 1192 2443 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 7 147441927 147443119 1192 2565 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 7 147441927 147443119 1192 2593 MIR548T, CNTNAP2 N 7 147708383 147710037 1654 994; 1017; 1018 CNTNAP2 N 7 151728812 151730249 1437 950; 958; 967; 995; 1002; MLL3 N 1019 7 153645525 153647352 1827 2050 DPP6 N 7 153645525 153647352 1827 2461 DPP6 N 7 153645525 153647352 1827 2521 DPP6 N 7 153901057 154002117 101060 957 DPP6 N 7 154028650 154032130 3480 969; 993; 1031 DPP6 N 7 156485711 156490484 4773 1014; 1016 MNX1 Y 7 156490485 156495904 5419 1014 MNX1 Y 8 1491491 1496879 5388 998 DLGAP2 N 8 1496880 1499520 2640 998; 1012 DLGAP2 N 8 1499521 1500993 1472 998 DLGAP2 N 8 17860007 17880477 20470 976 PCM1 Y 8 18894239 18896031 1792 949; 985; 1016 PSD3 N 8 31639124 31642682 3558 1029 NRG1 N 8 31811829 31814233 2404 1034 NRG1 N 8 31814234 31815721 1487 1017; 1034 NRG1 N 8 32551972 32553445 1473 1029 NRG1 N 8 37754788 37755937 1149 946; 1007 PROSC Y 8 41199070 41267922 68852 996 SFRP1 Y 8 42308627 42312018 3391 989 IKBKB Y 8 56318028 56321660 3632 992 XKR4 N 8 56363588 56368489 4901 1028 XKR4 N 8 63429132 63440428 11296 1003 NKAIN3 N 8 63686220 63692725 6505 992; 999 NKAIN3 N 8 74526051 74527806 1755 1032 STAU2 N 8 74753948 74761544 7596 992 STAU2 N 8 74761545 74778653 17108 1012 STAU2 Y 8 85403103 85404716 1613 954 RALYL N 8 85418745 85420036 1291 1037 RALYL N 8 85420037 85422156 2119 1024; 1037 RALYL Y 8 85422157 85423937 1780 957; 992; 997; 1000; 1003; RALYL N 1024; 1028; 1030; 1037 8 85839690 85842807 3117 949 RALYL N 8 88382155 88388307 6152 964; 971; 975; 990 CNBD1 N 8 94041443 94043276 1833 1025 TRIQK N 8 94043277 94045697 2420 1018; 1025 TRIQK N 8 94045698 94059962 14264 1025 TRIQK Y 8 99038720 99039951 1231 1004 MATN2 N 8 99039952 99041695 1743 968; 975; 993; 1004 MATN2 N 8 142422281 142510717 88436 1036 LOC731779, GPR20, PTP4A3 Y 8 144845724 144863110 17386 1008; 1024 BREA2, ZNF707, CCDC166 Y 8 144970607 144970777 170 946; 949; 961; 968; 974; 975; PUF60 Y 1034 9 8344218 8345409 1191 993 PTPRD N 9 9055746 9057345 1599 1016 PTPRD N 9 9675661 9679084 3423 1036 PTPRD N 9 10164640 10167989 3349 950 PTPRD N 9 10395198 10398529 3331 1012 PTPRD N 9 27323197 27324577 1380 975 MOB3B N 9 27365836 27367745 1909 989 MOB3B N 9 39062211 39091348 29137 966; 967; 975; 980; 982; 992; CNTNAP3 Y 994 9 39091349 39130210 38861 966; 967; 970; 975; 980; 982; CNTNAP3 Y 992; 994 9 98831789 98831814 25 999; 1018 CTSL2 Y 9 140136862 140145631 8769 981 CACNA1B Y 10 5965889 5979771 13882 992 ANKRD16, FBXO18 Y 10 5979772 5984216 4444 992; 1030 FBXO18 N 10 5984217 5985729 1512 1030; 1037 FBXO18 Y 10 5984217 5995714 11497 992; 1030; 1037 FBXO18 Y 10 5985730 5988631 2901 1000; 1030; 1037 FBXO18 Y 10 5988632 5995714 7082 1030; 1037 FBXO18 Y 10 60139394 60189880 50486 992 FAM133CP, BICC1 Y 10 60191123 60201113 9990 992 BICC1 N 10 76129083 76135755 6672 955; 959; 964; 988; 1007 ADK N 10 78775816 79199560 423744 946 KCNMAI Y 10 79201984 79543704 341720 946 LOC100128292, RPS24, DLG5, POLR3A Y 10 84165642 84171045 5403 988 NRG3 N 10 84188750 84190301 1551 977 NRG3 N 10 88905200 89245881 340681 969; 999 LOC439994, FAM22D, FAM22A, LOC728190, Y LOC728218, FAM35A 10 95534054 95536083 2029 952; 961; 968 LGI1 N 10 117226301 117232646 6345 1004; 1010 ATRNL1 N 10 117338366 117339297 931 2294 ATRNL1 N 10 117338366 117339297 931 2332 ATRNL1 N 10 117338366 117339297 931 2337 ATRNL1 N 10 117338366 117339297 931 2404 ATRNL1 N 10 117338366 117339297 931 2405 ATRNL1 N 10 117338366 117339297 931 2447 ATRNL1 N 10 117338366 117339297 931 2481 ATRNL1 N 10 117338366 117339297 931 2610 ATRNL1 N 10 117338366 117339297 931 2614 ATRNL1 N 10 117338366 117339297 931 2628 ATRNL1 N 10 122623381 122626509 3128 966 WDR11, MIR5694 Y 10 122633344 122640560 7216 950 WDR11, MIR5694 Y 11 13984290 13989127 4837 995; 996 SPON1 N 11 47040725 47045421 4696 1035 C11orf49 N 11 47098212 47098992 780 1017 C11orf49 N 11 84499641 84610167 110526 1026 DLG2 Y 11 84972646 84980750 8104 1003 DLG2 N 11 88258151 88268464 10313 949 GRM5 N 11 88303735 88305485 1750 1003 GRM5 N 12 5411179 5414622 3443 1019; 1026 NTF3 Y 12 5414623 5417862 3239 1019 NTF3 N 12 6315047 6317276 2229 1003; 1005 TNFRSF1A N 12 10493985 10534393 40408 947; 979 KLRC1 Y 12 15557675 15559369 1694 990; 991; 1011 PTPRO N 12 15559370 15560873 1503 990; 1011 PTRRO Y 12 31098259 31132715 34456 966; 977; 992; 1011; 1031 DDX11-AS1,DDX11 Y 12 31132716 31132761 45 966; 975; 977; 990; 992; 1004; DDX11 N 1011; 1031 12 38904346 38909561 5215 972 LRRK2 Y 12 42159304 42167699 8395 946; 951 ADAMTS20 N 12 42909733 42912201 2468 979 TMEM117 N 12 42912202 42913523 1321 1014 TMEM117 N 12 55879318 55880397 1079 1030 LRP1 Y 12 55880398 55902123 21725 997; 1030 LRP1, NXPH4 Y 12 55903149 55922237 19088 961; 967; 984 NDUFA4L2, SHMT2, NXPH4 Y 12 63107981 63136048 28067 1027 XPOT, TBK1 Y 12 63346598 63347718 1120 978; 987 RASSF3 N 12 63347719 63349229 1510 987 RASSF3 N 12 77815879 77835641 19762 1002; 1015 SYT1 N 12 85113258 85119077 5819 2261 MGAT4C N 12 85113258 85119077 5819 2338 MGAT4C N 12 85113258 85119077 5819 2425 MGAT4C N 12 85411806 85413202 1396 1027 MGAT4C N 12 85681656 85687967 6311 948; 971; 989 MGAT4C N 12 85719690 85724956 5266 979 MGAT4C N 12 105966884 105967651 767 950; 964 CRY1 N 12 122838898 122840411 1513 975 DNAH10 Y 12 130944468 130946248 1780 995; 998; 1005; 1009; 1031; ULK1 Y 1033; 1035 13 24166764 24216914 50150 1002 ATP12A Y 13 51954511 51973943 19432 1009; 1014 TPTE2P3 Y 13 102137609 102139657 2048 997 METTL21C N 13 102139658 102142982 3324 997; 1004 METTL21C Y 13 112811735 112813401 1666 965; 971; 972; 973; 978; 992 F7 Y 13 113600542 113602677 2135 1020; 1023 FAM70B N 13 113791151 113792974 1823 951; 972; 973; 979; 980; 989; RASA3 Y 991 13 113792975 113794669 1694 979; 989; 991 RASA3 Y 14 60544757 60551980 7223 991; 1034 SLC38A6 N 14 60551981 60553070 1089 951; 954; 991; 1014; 1019; SLC38A6 Y 1034 14 71779767 71780825 1058 998; 1016; 1019 RGS6 N 14 72600732 72603806 3074 1007; 1025 RBM25 N 14 78086003 78087442 1439 971 NRXN3 N 14 78227579 78229427 1848 1002 NRXN3 N 14 79127635 79128659 1024 971; 986 NRXN3 N 14 79128660 79134722 6062 971 NRXN3 N 14 79174722 79176036 1314 1035 NRXN3 N 14 102401445 102406605 5160 997 TRAF3 Y 14 102406606 102409996 3390 969; 997 TRAF3 Y 14 102409997 102414214 4217 997 TRAF3 Y 14 104688404 104688435 31 970; 980; 995; 999; 1013; JAG2 Y 1035 15 59220825 59221540 715 996; 998 RORA N 15 59220825 59234113 13288 996 RORA N 15 59221541 59234113 12572 996 RORA N 15 72197969 72283889 85920 1012 STRA6, ISLR, ISLR2, LOC283731 Y 15 87999026 88000020 994 954; 994 KIF7 Y 15 99236636 99239178 2542 1014; 1029 ALDH1A3 Y 15 99634434 99635701 1267 960; 969; 971; 984; 992; 993; VIMP Y 994; 997; 998; 1000; 1003; 1004; 1017; 1025; 1028; 1029; 1035 16 6627719 6632582 4863 1014 RBFOX1 N 16 6810852 6833768 22916 982 RBFOX1 N 16 6836617 6884976 48359 982 RBFOX1 N 16 6886815 6896330 9515 982 RBFOX1 N 16 9962571 9965023 2452 1032 GRIN2A N 16 9965024 9968344 3320 1001; 1032 GRIN2A N 16 9979934 9981275 1341 1032 GRIN2A N 16 31186841 31256185 69344 1020 ITGAM Y 16 70561211 70562690 1479 948; 1033 PKD1L3 Y 16 71619180 71648770 29590 1011 ZFHX3 Y 16 81590448 81592665 2217 994 CDH13 N 16 81590448 81599011 8563 994 CDH13 N 16 81592666 81599011 6345 993; 994 CDH13 N 16 81752862 81755529 2667 1025; 1030 CDH13 N 16 84330410 84332684 2274 1034 C16orf74, MIR1910 Y 16 84332684 84335524 2840 999 C16orf74, MIR1910 Y 17 6399283 6401166 1883 978; 992; 1013; 1017 PITPNM3 Y 17 9267206 9269293 2087 1027 STX8 N 17 9269293 9272211 2918 982 STX8 N 17 16480516 16483386 2870 975; 991; 1004 ZNF624 N 17 16483387 16489447 6060 975 ZNF624 N 17 41501967 41518221 16254 1024 KANSL1 Y 17 41501967 41519701 17734 1024 KANSL1 Y 17 41519702 41521543 1841 1024; 1028 KANSL1 N 17 62868652 62869965 1313 1009 PITPNC1 N 17 62874349 62877923 3574 1007 PITPNC1 N 18 169042 184227 15185 957 USP14 Y 18 16833161 16851074 17913 965 ROCK1 Y 18 31204187 31206272 2085 947; 953; 958; 959; 973 ZNF396 N 18 42831086 42836022 4936 947; 953; 971; 988; 1006 KATNAL2 Y 18 48127523 48131320 3797 999 DCC N 18 48539033 48541815 2782 1013 DCC N 18 48616189 48620934 4745 2054 DCC N 18 48616189 48620934 4745 2265 DCC N 18 48616189 48620934 4745 2412 DCC N 18 48616189 48620934 4745 2428 DCC N 18 48616189 48620934 4745 2615 DCC N 18 65911512 65915539 4027 955; 964; 1017 RTTN N 18 65915540 65916735 1195 955; 964 RTTN N 18 65916736 65923901 7165 955; 964; 1028 RTTN N 18 65923902 65938721 14819 1028 RTTN Y 19 794979 798817 3838 961; 998 PRTN3 Y 19 798818 801351 2533 998 PRTN3 Y 19 3355220 3356334 1114 949; 951; 954; 970; 978; 995; NFIC N 1005; 1022; 1034 19 9134840 9138935 4095 994; 1008; 1024 ZNF317 Y 19 15640597 15664289 23692 1001 CYP4F12 Y 19 15664290 15667581 3291 950; 1001 CYP4F12 N 19 15667582 15677382 9800 1001 CYP4F12 Y 19 42386895 42388238 1343 986; 1012; 1017; 1026 ZNF585B N 19 42537228 42537766 538 990; 991; 1014; 1022 HKR1 N 19 42537767 42544684 6917 1014 HKR1 N 19 54252049 54268744 16695 992 KCNA7, NTF4 Y 19 54388780 54397344 8564 993 TRPM4 Y 19 60132603 60136910 4307 1025 NLRP7 Y 19 61081628 61083208 1580 962; 963; 964; 1003; 1013; NLRP4 Y 1037 20 2873876 2877782 3906 962 PTPRA Y 20 19979618 19981548 1930 2190 C20orf26, CRNKL1 Y 20 19979618 19981548 1930 2474 C20orf26, CRNKL1 Y 20 19979618 19981548 1930 2489 C20orf26, CRNKL1 Y 20 19979618 19981548 1930 2597 C20orf26, CRNKL1 Y 20 19981549 19982732 1183 2190 C20orf26, CRNKL1 N 20 19981549 19982732 1183 2474 C20orf26, CRNKL1 N 20 19981549 19982732 1183 2489 C20orf26, CRNKL1 N 20 20043913 20061717 17804 947; 960; 964 C20orf26 N 20 20061718 20061778 60 947; 960 C20orf26 N 20 51045995 51053052 7057 952 TSHZ2 N 20 51053053 51054248 1195 952; 961; 975; 980 TSHZ2 N 20 51054249 51058635 4386 952; 980 TSHZ2 N 21 38473714 38675904 202190 1015 ERG, DSCR10, KCNJ15 Y 22 20904937 21037378 132441 947; 963 LOC96610, VPREB1 Y 22 22725306 22735036 9730 955; 959; 960; 964 GSTTP2 Y 22 42895171 42896487 1316 992; 993; 1013 PARVB Y 22 45468407 45474188 5781 966 CERK Y X 29367686 29369448 1762 958; 1023 IL1RAPL1 N X 29595687 29597689 2002 1035 IL1RAPL1 Y X 39852030 39853092 1062 970; 1016; 1031 BCOR N X 104510036 104512681 2645 979; 1003; 1023 IL1RAPL2 N X 150893705 150894325 620 981; 1016 GABRE Y X 152978747 152981151 2404 979; 999; 1022; 1023 MECP2 N

TABLE 3 RefSeq CNV NCBI Gene Gene Gene Symbol Region ID Gene Biology Curation Gene Annotation ACTG1P4 exonic 648740 No gene information actin, gamma 1 pseudogene 4 (ACTG1P4) ACYP2 both 98 Acylphosphatase can hydrolyze the Acylphosphatase can hydrolyze the phosphoenzyme intermediate phosphoenzyme intermediate of different of different membrane pumps, particularly the Ca2+/Mg2+- membrane pumps, particularly the Ca2+/Mg2+ ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle ADAMTS20 intronic 80070 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 20, type 1 motif, 20, not much gene information but not much gene information but PD-specific CNVs also found in PD-specific CNVs also found in ADAMTS3, ADAMTS3, which has neurological links which has neurological links ADAMTS3 intronic 9508 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 3; type 1 motif, 3; limited gene information but AD limited gene information but AD link for ADAMTS4, see PMID link for ADAMTS4, seePMID 10961658: 10961658: ADAMTS-4 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with ADAMTS-4 (a disintegrin and thrombospondin motifs) is transcriptionally induced in beta- metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) amyloid treated rat astrocytes; but PD-specific CNVs also found in is transcriptionally induced in beta-amyloid ADAMTS20 treated rat astrocytes; but PD-specific CNVs also found in ADAMTS20 ADK intronic 132 adenosine kinase and is drug target; neuro link, adenosine kinase and is drug target; neuro link, see PMID see PMID 21427729: Adenosine kinase 21427729: Adenosine kinase determines the degree of brain injury determines the degree of brain injury after after ischemic stroke in mice; epilepsy, PMID 21275977: ischemic stroke in mice; epilepsy, PMID Adenosine kinase as a target for therapeutic antisense strategies in 21275977: Adenosine kinase as a target for epilepsy; see also PMIDs 21764782, 21401494, 21315743 (schiz); therapeutic antisense strategies in epilepsy; see and PD link for PMID 18404497: Neuroprotection by adenosine in also PMIDs 21764782, 21401494, 21315743 the brain: From A(1) receptor activation to A (2A) receptor (schiz); and PD link for PMID 18404497: blockade AND PMID 17942368: Adenosine as a neuromodulator Neuroprotection by adenosine in the brain: From in neurological diseases A(1) receptor activation to A (2A) receptor blockade AND PMID 17942368: Adenosine as a neuromodulator in neurological diseases AHI1 exonic 54806 See also KIF7; some AHI1 mutations cause See also KIF7; some AHI1 mutations cause Joubert syndrome Joubert syndrome (OMIM 608894, 608629), (OMIM 608894, 608629), which can cause several which can cause several abnormalities/symptoms, including the neurological symptoms abnormalities/symptoms, including the hypotonia, ataxia, delayed walking and motor movement; mouse neurological symptoms hypotonia, ataxia, model for potential depression phenotype, see PMID 20956301: delayed walking and motor movement; mouse Neuronal Abelson helper integration site-1 (Ahi1) deficiency in model for potential depression phenotype, see mice alters TrkB signaling with a depressive phenotype; AHI1 PMID 20956301: Neuronal Abelson helper TrkB link, see PMID 21192928: Chronic deprivation of TrkB integration site-1 (Ahi1) deficiency in mice signaling leads to selective late-onset nigrostriatal dopaminergic alters TrkB signaling with a depressive degeneration; see also PMID 21562748: The TrkB-Positive phenotype; AHI1 TrkB link, see PMID Dopaminergic Neurons are Less Sensitive to MPTP Insult in the 21192928: Chronic deprivation of TrkB Substantia Nigra of Adult C57/BL Mice signaling leads to selective late-onset nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration; see also PMID 21562748: The TrkB-Positive Dopaminergic Neurons are Less Sensitive to MPTP Insult in the Substantia Nigra of Adult C57/BL Mice AKR1B15 exonic 441282 aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B15; aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B15; limited gene limited gene information (PMID 21276782) but information (PMID 21276782) but link to AD and PD for another link to AD and PD for another gene family gene family member (PMID 19013440): Role of human aldo- member (PMID 19013440): Role of human keto-reductase AKRIB10 in the protection against toxic aldehydes aldo-keto-reductase AKR1B10 in the protection against toxic aldehydes ALDH1A3 exonic 220 PD link, 24 PubMed refs for “alcohol PD link, 24 PubMed refs for “alcohol dehydrogenase AND dehydrogenase AND parkinson′s”, e.g., see parkinson′s”, e.g., see PMID 19388687: Products of oxidative PMID 19388687: Products of oxidative stress stress inhibit aldehyde oxidation and reduction pathways in inhibit aldehyde oxidation and reduction dopamine catabolism yielding elevated levels of a reactive pathways in dopamine catabolism yielding intermediate and PMID 14678778: ALDH1 mRNA: presence in elevated levels of a reactive intermediate and human dopamine neurons and decreases in substantia nigra in PMID 14678778: ALDH1 mRNA: presence in Parkinson′s disease and in the ventral tegmental area in human dopamine neurons and decreases in schizophrenia substantia nigra in Parkinson′s disease and in the ventral tegmental area in schizophrenia ALLC intronic 55821 Allantoicase participates in the uric acid Allantoicase participates in the uric acid degradation pathway. Its degradation pathway. Its enzymatic activity, like enzymatic activity, like that of urate oxidase (MIM 191540), was that of urate oxidase (MIM 191540), was lost lost during vertebrate evolution. [ during vertebrate evolution. [ AMY1A exonic 276 alpha-amylase 1 precursor Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and thus catalyze the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. The human genome has a cluster of several amylase genes that are expressed at high levels in either salivary gland or pancreas. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the salivary gland. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein, [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5′ UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1 and 2 encode the same protein. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene record to access additional publications. ##RefSeq-Attributes- START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: AK292341.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## AMY1B exonic 277 alpha-amylase 1 precursor Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and thus catalyze the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. The human genome has a cluster of several amylase genes that are expressed at high levels in either salivary gland or pancreas. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the salivary gland, [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. ##RefSeq-Attributes- START## CDS_exon_combination_evidence :: BC069347.1 [ECO:0000331] ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## AMY1C exonic 278 alpha-amylase 1 precursor Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and thus catalyze the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. The human genome has a cluster of several amylase genes that are expressed at high levels in either salivary gland or pancreas. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the salivary gland, [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. ##RefSeq-Attributes- START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: BC132995.1,BC063129.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes- END## AMY2A exonic 279 pancreatic alpha-amylase precursor Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and thus catalyze the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. The human genome has a cluster of several amylase genes that are expressed at high levels in either salivary gland or pancreas. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the pancreas, [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene record to access additional publications. ##RefSeq-Attributes-START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: BC007060.1, M28443.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## AMY2B both 280 Aceview lists this complex region as a single Aceview lists this complex region as a single gene gene (RNPC3andAMY2B); 1,4-alpha-D-glucan (RNPC3andAMY2B); 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase 2B glucanohydrolase 2B ANKRD16 exonic 54522 ankyrin repeats; ankyrin repeats mediate ankyrin repeats; ankyrin repeats mediate protein-protein protein-protein interactions in very diverse interactions in very diverse families of proteins. The number of families of proteins. The number of ANK ANK repeats in a protein can range from 2 to over 20 repeats in a protein can range from 2 to over 20 ANKRD20A2 exonic 441430 ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 20A2 ankyrin repeat domain 20 family, member A2 (ANKRD20A2) ANKRD20A3 exonic 441425 ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 20A3 ankyrin repeat domain 20 family, member A3 (ANKRD20A3) AQP7P3 exonic 441432 No gene information aquaporin 7 pseudogene 3 (AQP7P3) ATP12A exonic 479 ATPase, H+/K+ transporting, nongastric, alpha ATPase, H+/K+ transporting, nongastric, alpha polypeptide; via polypeptide; via Ace View in oxid. phos. AceView in oxid. phos. pathway (KEGG_00190), which has pathway (KEGG_00190), which has several several NDUFs including NDUFA4L2, which contains PD- NDUFs including NDUFA4L2, which contains specific CNV; PD-specific CNV in 1 PD patient also impacts an PD-specific CNV; PD-specific CNV in 1 PD ncRNA (ENST00000402733) and gallus gallus has read through patient also impacts an ncRNA transcript from ATP12A across this region; see also mouse model (ENST00000402733) and gallus gallus has read (Wobbler) demonstrating progesterone protection in spinal cord through transcript from ATP12A across this neurodegeneration (PMID 12650717) region; see also mouse model (Wobbler) demonstrating progesterone protection in spinal cord neurodegeneration (PMID 12650717) ATRNL1 intronic 26033 Neuro link, such as PMID 18064672, abstract Neuro link, such as PMID 18064672, abstract Atm null mutant Atm null mutant mice have a pleiotropic mice have a pleiotropic phenotype including dark fur, juvenile- phenotype including dark fur, juvenile-onset onset spongiform neurodegeneration, hypomyelination, tremor, spongiform neurodegeneration, and reduced body weight and adiposity, implicating ATRN in hypomyelination, tremor, and reduced body numerous biological processes. weight and adiposity, implicating ATRN in numerous biological processes. B3GALNT2 exonic 148789 No gene information No gene information BAIAP2L1 intronic 55971 BAI1-associated protein 2-like 1; related genes BAI1-associated protein 2-like 1; related genes have neurological have neurological or PD link, BAI1 see PMID or PD link, BAI1 see PMID 21706404 and for BAIAP3 see PMID 21706404 and for BAIAP3 see PMID 21514331: Regulation of the Bcas1 andBaiap3 transcripts in the 21514331: Regulation of the Beas1 andBaiap3 subthalamic nucleus in mice recovering from MPTP toxicity transcripts in the subthalamic nucleus in mice recovering from MPTP toxicity BCOR intronic 54880 BCL6 corepressor; see OMIM 300485, gene BCL6 corepressor; see OMIM 300485, gene mutations causes mutations causes oculofaciocardiodental oculofaciocardiodental syndrome and may cause microphthalmia-2 syndrome and may cause microphthalmia-2 BDH2 exonic 56898 No gene information No gene information BICC1 both 80114 bicaudal C homolog 1, polycystic kidney disease bicaudal C homolog 1, polycystic kidney disease protein (PMID protein (PMID 20219263) but AD association 20219263) but AD association link too (PMID 16385451); link too (PMID 16385451); possible homology possible homology to bicaudal D in worm, PMID 21205795: C. to bicaudal D in worm, PMID 21205795: C. elegans bicd-1, homolog of the Drosophila dynein accessory factor elegans bicd-1, homolog of the Drosophila Bicaudal D, regulates the branching of PVD sensory neuron dynein accessory factor Bicaudal D, regulates dendrites. the branching of PVD sensory neuron dendrites. BLVRA exonic 644 Possible cellular aging link and NIH grant Possible cellular aging link and NIH grant 1K08NS057824-01A1 1K08NS057824-01A1 indicate neuro link: indicate neuro link: CELL SIGNALING AND CELL SIGNALING AND CYTOPROTECTIVE ROLES OF BILIVERDIN REDUCTASE; CYTOPROTECTIVE ROLES OF for PD link, see PMID 9239525: Increased plasma bilirubin in BILIVERDIN REDUCTASE; for PD link, see Parkinson patients on L-dopa: evidence against the free radical PMID 9239525: Increased plasma bilimbin in hypothesis?; see also PMID 21099244; for AD link, see PMID Parkinson patients on L-dopa: evidence against 21483094 the free radical hypothesis?; see also PMID 21099244; for AD link, see PMID 21483094 BOLL exonic 66037 Loss of this gene function results in the absence Loss of this gene function results in the absence of sperm in semen of sperm in semen (azoospermia). Histological (azoospermia). Histological studies demonstrated that the primary studies demonstrated that the primary defect is defect is at the meiotic G2/M transition. at the meiotic G2/M transition. BREA2 exonic 286076 breast cancer estrogen-induced apoptosis 2; no breast cancer estrogen-induced apoptosis 2; no gene information gene information C11orf49 intronic 79096 Limited gene information Limited gene information C16orf74 exonic 404550 No gene information No gene information C20orf26 both 26074 No gene information No gene information C4orfl9 exonic 55286 No gene information No gene information CACNA1B exonic 774 Gene encodes a Cav2.2 Ca2+ channel and has Gene encodes a Cav2.2 Ca2+ channel and has link to PD, seem link to PD, seem PMID 18094105: D2-like PMID 18094105: D2-like dopamine receptors modulate SKCa dopamine receptors modulate SKCa channel channel function in subthalamic nucleus neurons through function in subthalamic nucleus neurons through inhibition of Cav2.2 channels; potential drug target, see PMID inhibition of Cav2.2 channels; potential drug 19199960 target, see PMID 19199960 CACNA2D1 intronic 781 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 2/delta subunit 1; see 2/delta subunit 1; see PMID review 20579869: PMID review 20579869: A new look at calcium channel A new look at calcium channel √e′¬ ± 2√e′¬¥ √e′¬ ± 2√e′¬¥ subunits subunits CALML6 exonic 163688 PMID 15621662; expressed in prostate, thymus, PMID 15621662; expressed in prostate, thymus, heart, skeleton heart, skeleton muscle, bone marrow and ovary muscle, bone marrow and ovary CAMKMT exonic 79823 This gene encodes a class I protein This gene encodes a class I protein methyltransferase that acts in methyltransferase that acts in the formation of the formation of trimethyllysine in calmodulin. The protein trimethyllysine in calmodulin. The protein contains a AdoMet-binding motif and may play a role in calcium- contains a AdoMet-binding motif and may play dependent signaling. a role in calcium-dependent signaling. CAMTA1 intronic 23261 Regulated by RBFOX1 in mouse (PMID Regulated by RBFOX1 in mouse (PMID 21623373); PD-specific 21623373); PD-specific CNVs also found in CNVs also found in RBFOX1 RBFOX1 CCDC166 exonic 100130274 coiled-coil domain containing 121-like; no gene coiled-coil domain containing 121 -like; no gene information information CDH13 intronic 1012 cadherin 13, H-cadherin, UCSC summary: This cadherin 13, H-cadherin, UCSC summary: This protein acts as a protein acts as a negative regulator of axon negative regulator of axon growth during neural differentiation. growth during neural differentiation. CENPE exonic 1062 Centrosome-associated protein E is a kinesin- Centrosome-associated protein E is a kinesin-like motor protein like motor protein that accumulates in the G2 that accumulates in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Unlike other phase of the cell cycle. Unlike other centrosome- centrosome-associated proteins, it is not present during interphase associated proteins, it is not present during and first appears at the centromere region of chromosomes during interphase and first appears at the centromere prometaphase. CENPE is proposed to be one of the motors region of chromosomes during prometaphase. responsible for mammalian chromosome movement and/or spindle CENPE is proposed to be one of the motors elongation. responsible for mammalian chromosome movement and/or spindle elongation. CERK exonic 64781 Hypothesis for role in PD, see PMID 19021754: Hypothesis for role in PD, see PMID 19021754: Emerging Emerging pathways in genetic Parkinson′s pathways in genetic Parkinson′s disease: Potential role of ceramide disease: Potential role of ceramide metabolism metabolism in Lewy body disease; CERK converts ceramide to in Lewy body disease; CERK converts ceramide ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) and is a drug target; see also PMID to ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) and is a drug 21111813 review on CERK and C1P biology: Ceramide kinase: target; see also PMID 21111813 review on the first decade; CERK link to PD analogous to link between PD CERK and C1P biology: Ceramide kinase: the and Gaucher√¢,ç^(··),Ñ¢s disease, which is caused by GBA first decade; CERK link to PD analogous to link mutations. GBA′s protein product is glucocerebrosidase, which between PD and Gaucher√¢,ç^(··),Ñ¢s disease, catalyses the breakdown of the glycolipidglucosylceramide to which is caused by GBA mutations. GBA′s ceramide and glucose. CERK′s protein product catalyzes the next protein product is glucocerebrosidase, which step in this metabolic pathway, converting ceramide to C1P. catalyses the breakdown of the Multiple U.S.PTO applications for CERK as a dmg target, such as glycolipidglucosylceramide to ceramide and 20090081692 and 20090170914; link to JNK pathway, see PMID glucose. CERK′s protein product catalyzes the 19778898: JNK and ceramide kinase govern the biogenesis of next step in this metabolic pathway, converting lipid droplets through activation of group IVA phospholipase A2 ceramide to C1P. Multiple U.S.PTO applications for CERK as a drug target, such as 20090081692 and 20090170914; link to JNK pathway, see PMID 19778898: JNK and ceramide kinase govern the biogenesis of lipid droplets through activation of group IVA phospholipase A2 CFH exonic 3075 PMID 15920296, Complement protein isoforms PMID 15920296, Complement protein isoforms in CSF as in CSF as possible biomarkers for possible biomarkers for neurodegenerative disease; PMID neurodegenerative disease; PMID 16516157, 16516157, Complement C3c and related protein biomarkers in Complement C3c and related protein biomarkers amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson′s disease; see also U.S. in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson′s patent application 20090275046, Complement factor H protein as disease; see also U.S. patent application a biomarker of Parkinson′s disease; PMID 21435440, Complement 20090275046, Complement factor H protein as a 3 and factor h in human cerebrospinal fluid in Parkinson′s disease, biomarker of Parkinson′s disease; PMID Alzheimer′s disease, and multiple-system atrophy. 07Sep: PMID 21435440, Complement 3 and factor h in human 15920296, Complement protein isoforms in CSF as possible cerebrospinal fluid in Parkinson′s disease, biomarkers for neurodegenerative disease; PMID 16516157, Alzheimer′s disease, and multiple-system Complement C3c and related protein biomarkers in amyotrophic atrophy. 07Sep: PMID 15920296, Complement lateral sclerosis and Parkinson′s disease (see also their patent appl protein isoforms in CSF as possible biomarkers United States Patent Application 20090275046, Complement for neurodegenerative disease; PMID 16516157, factor H protein as a biomarker of Parkinson′s disease); PMID Complement C3c and related protein biomarkers 21435440, Complement 3 and factor h in human cerebrospinal in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson′s fluid in Parkinson′s disease, Alzheimer′s disease, and multiple- disease (see also their patent appl United States system atrophy; CNVs in this region also associated with atypical Patent Application 20090275046, Complement hemolytic uremic syndrome (PMID 19861685) factor H protein as a biomarker of Parkinson′s disease); PMID 21435440, Complement 3 and factor h in human cerebrospinal fluid in Parkinson′s disease, Alzheimer′s disease, and multiple-system atrophy; CNVs in this region also associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (PMID 19861685) CFHR1 exonic 3078 complement factor H-related protein 1 precursor This gene encodes a secreted protein belonging to the complement factor H protein family. It binds to Pseudomonas aeruginosa elongation factor Tuf together with plasminogen, which is proteolytically activated. It is proposed that Tuf acts as a virulence factor by acquiring host proteins to the pathogen surface, controlling complement, and facilitating tissue invasion. Mutations in this gene are associated with an increased risk of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome, [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2009]. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene record to access additional publications. ##RefSeq- Attributes-START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: BC107771.1,M65292.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes- END## CFHR3 exonic 10878 complement factor H-related protein 3 isoform 2 The protein encoded by this gene is a secreted protein, which precursor belongs to the complement factor H-related protein family. It binds to heparin, and may be involved in complement regulation. Mutations in this gene are associated with decreased risk of age- related macular degeneration, and with an increased risk of atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found forthis gene, [provided by RefSeq, Oct 2011]. Transcript Variant: This variant (2) is missing an in-frame coding exon compared to variant 1, resulting in a shorter isoform (2) lacking an internal protein segment compared to isoform 1. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene record to access additional publications. ##RefSeq-Attributes-START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: AK298459.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## CFHR4 exonic 10877 complement factor H-related protein 4 isoform 2 This gene is a member of the complement factor H (CFH) gene precursor family, and encodes one of the 5 CFH-related (CFHR) proteins. These 5 genes are closely linked to the CFH gene on chromosome 1q31-q32. The CFHRs are secreted plasma proteins synthesized primarily by the hepatocytes, and composed of highly-related short consensus repeats (SCRs). This protein enhances the cofactor activity of CFH, and is involved in complement regulation. It can associate with lipoproteins and may play a role in lipid metabolism. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms (varying in the number of SCRs) have been described for this gene, [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2011]. Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (1, also known as FHR- 4A). Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene record to access additional publications. ##RefSeq-Attributes- START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: AJ640130.2 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## CISD2 exonic 493856 The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger protein that protein that localizes to the endoplasmic localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. The encoded protein binds reticulum. The encoded protein binds an an iron/sulfur cluster and may be involved in calcium homeostasis. iron/sulfur cluster and may be involved in Defects in this gene are a cause of Wolfram syndrome 2. calcium homeostasis. Defects in this gene are a cause of Wolfram syndrome 2. CNBD1 intronic 168975 cyclic nucleotide binding domain containing 1; cyclic nucleotide binding domain containing 1; limited gene limited gene information information CNST exonic 163882 PD link, CNST is a binding partner of PD link, CNST is a binding partner of connexins, which are connexins, which are associated with associated with neuropathies and linked to PD (SNCA binds to neuropathies and linked to PD (SNCA binds to connexin-32, connexin-43); several connexin biology refs (PMIDs connexin-32, connexin-43); several connexin 19864490, 15852376, 16720574, 17337120, 19232380, biology refs (PMIDs 19864490, 15852376, 20824494) 16720574, 17337120, 19232380, 20824494) CNTNAP2 intronic 26047 neuropsychiatric link, see PMID 21827697: neuropsychiatric link, see PMID 21827697: Expanding the clinical Expanding the clinical spectrum associated with spectrum associated with defects in CNTNAP2 and NRXN1; defects in CNTNAP2 and NRXN1; cortical cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome (OMIM 610042), dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome (OMIM symptoms include “During infancy, all patients had mild gross 610042), symptoms include “During infancy, all motor delay and subtle limitations in motor skills.” patients had mild gross motor delay and subtle limitations in motor skills.” CNTNAP3 exonic 79937 Gene alias CASPR3 (PMID 12093160); RefSeq Gene alias CASPR3 (PMID 12093160); RefSeq summary: The summary: The protein encoded by this gene protein encoded by this gene belongs to the NCP family of cell- belongs to the NCP family of cell-recognition recognition molecules. This family represents a distinct subgroup molecules. This family represents a distinct of the neurexins. NCP proteins mediate neuron-glial interactions subgroup of the neurexins. NCP proteins in vertebrates and glial-glial contact in invertebrates. The protein mediate neuron-glial interactions in vertebrates encoded by this gene may play a role in cell recognition within the and glial-glial contact in invertebrates. The nervous system. protein encoded by this gene may play a role in cell recognition within the nervous system. CNTNAP3B exonic 728577 contactin-associated protein-like 3B precursor contactin associated protein-like 3B (CNTNAP3B) COL24A1 exonic 255631 Limited gene information Limited gene information CORIN exonic 10699 The encoded protein converts pro-atrial The encoded protein converts pro-atrial natriuretic peptide to natriuretic peptide to biologically active atrial biologically active atrial natriuretic peptide, a cardiac hormone natriuretic peptide, a cardiac hormone that that regulates blood volume and pressure. This protein may also regulates blood volume and pressure. This function as a pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide convertase; PMID protein may also function as a pro-brain-type 21606375: ES cell-derived renewable and functional midbrain natriuretic peptide convertase; PMID 21606375: dopaminergic progenitors, from abstract “Here, we show that such ES cell-derived renewable and functional authentic mDA NPs can be efficiently isolated from differentiated midbrain dopaminergic progenitors, from ES cells (ESCs) using a FACS method combining two markers, abstract “Here, we show that such authentic Otx2 and Corin”; CORIN gene cited in U.S. patent application mDA NPs can be efficiently isolated from 20070128168 differentiated ES cells (ESCs) using a FACS method combining two markers, Otx2 and Corin”; CORIN gene cited in U.S. patent application 20070128168 CRB1 intronic 23418 Leber congenital amaurosis, retinal dystropy, Leber congenital amaurosis, retinal dystropy, see OMIM 600105 see OMIM 600105 CREBRF exonic 153222 No gene information No gene information CRNKL1 both 51340 crooked neck-like protein 1 The crooked neck (cm) gene of Drosophila is essential for embryogenesis and is thought to be involved in cell cycle progression and pre-mRNA splicing. This gene is similar in sequence to cm and encodes a protein which can localize to pre- mRNA splicing complexes in the nucleus. The encoded protein, which contains many tetratricopeptide repeats, is required for pre- mRNA splicing, [provided by RefSeq, lul 2008]. ##RefSeq- Attributes-START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: AF318303.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## CRY1 intronic 1407 circadian rhythm (OMIM 601933) circadian rhythm (OMIM 601933) CTSE exonic 1510 Protein product is a neuroprotease, this class of Protein product is a neuroprotease, this class of enzymes is enzymes is potential drug target for AD, PD, and potential dmg target for AD, PD, and Huntington (PMID Huntington (PMID 16626168): Neuroproteases 16626168): Neuroproteases in peptide neurotransmission and in peptide neurotransmission and neurodegenerative diseases: applications to dmg discovery neurodegenerative diseases: applications to drug research. discovery research. CTSL2 exonic 1515 Gene aliases cathepsin V, CTSV; cathepsin L2; Gene aliases cathepsin V, CTSV; cathepsin L2; alternate transcript alternate transcript has read through to longer has read through to longer transcript; PMID 21134415: transcript; PMID 21134415: Parkinson′s disease Parkinson′s disease involves autophagy and abnormal distribution involves autophagy and abnormal distribution of of cathepsin L; DJ-1 funtions as a cysteine protease according to cathepsin L; DJ-1 funtions as a cysteine protease PMID 20304780: Parkinson disease protein DJ-1 converts from a according to PMID 20304780: Parkinson zymogen to a protease by carboxyl-terminal cleavag; general disease protein DJ-1 converts from a zymogen review, see PMID 16626168: Neuroproteases in peptide to a protease by carboxyl-terminal cleavag; neurotransmission and neurodegenerative diseases: applications to general review, see PMID 16626168: dmg discovery research Neuroproteases in peptide neurotransmission and neurodegenerative diseases: applications to drug discovery research CUX1 intronic 1523 Neurological link, see PMID 21331220: Neurological link, see PMID 21331220: Intrinsic programs Intrinsic programs regulating dendrites and regulating dendrites and synapses in the upper layer neurons of the synapses in the upper layer neurons of the cortex. cortex. CYP4F12 both 66002 cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 12; not polypeptide 12; not much gene information much gene information DCC intronic 1630 Gene encodes a netrin 1 receptor. The Gene encodes a netrin 1 receptor. The transmembrane protein is a transmembrane protein is a member of the member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules, and mediates axon guidance of neuronal growth cones molecules, and mediates axon guidance of towards sources of netrin 1 ligand. Some DCC mutations cause neuronal growth cones towards sources of netrin congenital mirror movements (PMID 21242494); neurological 1 ligand. Some DCC mutations cause congenital role (OMIM 120470); role in dopamine circuitry (PMID mirror movements (PMID 21242494); 21653843): The netrin receptor DCC is required in the pubertal neurological role (OMIM 120470); role in organization of mesocortical dopamine circuitry dopamine circuitry (PMID 21653843): The netrin receptor DCC is required in the pubertal organization of mesocortical dopamine circuitry DCTN4 both 51164 dynactin and has copper-dependent binding dynactin and has copper-dependent binding interactions; interactions; neurological link (PMID 20807776) neurological link (PMID 20807776) and dynactins (e.g., DCTN1) and dynactins (e.g., DCTN1) linked to Perry linked to Perry syndrome and ALS (PMIDs 16533145, 18220762, syndrome and ALS (PMIDs 16533145, 19506225, 20702129, 21420428); also PD link (PMID 18220762, 19506225, 20702129, 21420428); 17846173); see also also PD link (PMID 17846173); see also http://www.investorvillage.com/ http://www.investorvillage.com/ smbd.asp?mb=160&mn=422622&pt=msg&mid=9261691 smbd.asp?mb=160&mn=422622&pt=msg&mid=9261691 DDX11 both 1663 Causes Warsaw breakage syndrome (OMIM Causes Warsaw breakage syndrome (OMIM 613398) and 613398) and associated with telomere length associated with telomere length (PMID 15520935) (PMID 15520935) DDX11-AS1 exonic 100506660 No gene information No gene information DGKB both 1607 Many neurological links such as see PMID Many neurological links such as see PMID 18418688, Slowly 18418688, Slowly progressive spinocerebellar progressive spinocerebellar ataxia with extrapyramidal signs and ataxia with extrapyramidal signs and mild mild cognitive impairment (SCA21).; Abstract: Direct sequencing cognitive impairment (SCA21).; Abstract: of NDUFA4, PHF14, KIAA0960, ARLA4, ETV1, DGKB, Direct sequencing of NDUFA4, PHF14, HDAC9, FERD3L, ITGB8, and SP4 genes were performed, but all KIAA0960, ARLA4, ETV1, DGKB, HDAC9, the direct mutation analyses were negative excluding pathogenic FERD3L, ITGB8, and SP4 genes were mutations associated with the disease. Therefore, the gene performed, but all the direct mutation analyses responsible for SCA21 remains to be identified. were negative excluding pathogenic mutations associated with the disease. Therefore, the gene responsible for SCA21 remains to be identified. DLG2 both 1740 Gene alias is PSD-93; linked to schizophrenia, Gene alias is PSD-93; linked to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, bipolar disorder, epilepsy; neuro links: PMID epilepsy; neuro links: PMID 20097270: Postsynaptic density-93 20097270: Postsynaptic density-93 deficiency deficiency protects cultured cortical neurons from N-methyl-D- protects cultured cortical neurons from N- aspartate receptor-triggered neurotoxicity; PMID 20398908: methyl-D-aspartate receptor-triggered Comprehensive copy number variant (CNV) analysis of neuronal neurotoxicity; PMID 20398908: Comprehensive pathways genes in psychiatric disorders identifies rare variants copy number variant (CNV) analysis of neuronal within patients; PMID 9786987: Localization of postsynaptic pathways genes in psychiatric disorders density-93 to dendritic microtubules and interaction with identifies rare variants within patients; PMID microtubule-associated protein 1A; PMID 10725395: The 9786987: Localization of postsynaptic density- neuregulin receptor ErbB-4 interacts with PDZ-containing 93 to dendritic microtubules and interaction with proteins at neuronal synapses; PMID 12070168: Selective binding microtubule-associated protein 1A; PMID of synapse-associated protein 97 to GluR-A alpha-amino-5- 10725395: The neuregulin receptor ErbB-4 hydroxy-3-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor subunit is interacts with PDZ-containing proteins at determined by a novel sequence motif; PMID 15304517 neuronal synapses; PMID 12070168: Selective characterizes longer transcript; see also KCNJ15 for link to binding of synapse-associated protein 97 to INADL, which is linked to DLG2 GluR-A alpha-amino-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-4- isoxazole propionate receptor subunit is determined by a novel sequence motif; PMID 15304517 characterizes longer transcript; see also KCNJ15 for link to INADL, which is linked to DLG2 DLG5 exonic 9231 Neurological link; PMID 20436275: Discs large Neurological link; PMID 20436275: Discs large 5 is required for 5 is required for polarization of citron kinase in polarization of citron kinase in mitotic neural precursors; PMID mitotic neural precursors; PMID 20505324: 20505324: Discs large 5: a new regulator of Citron kinase Discs large 5: a new regulator of Citron kinase localization in developing neocortex localization in developing neocortex DLGAP2 intronic 9228 Gene aliases are DAP2 and SAPAP2; Ace View Gene aliases are DAP2 and SAPAP2; AceView indicates indicates interaction with DLG2, which has PD- interaction with DLG2, which has PD-specific CNV; many specific CNV; many neurological references, neurological references, such as PMID 9694864: A novel multiple such as PMID 9694864: A novel multiple PDZ PDZ domain-containing molecule interacting with N-methyl-D- domain-containing molecule interacting with N- aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion proteins methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neuronal cell adhesion proteins DNAH10 exonic 196385 PubMed search “dynein AND parkinson′s” PubMed search “dynein AND parkinson′s” yields 13 refs, such as yields 13 refs, such as PMID 19295143: PMID 19295143: Dynamic changes in presynaptic and axonal Dynamic changes in presynaptic and axonal transport proteins combined with striatal neuroinflammation transport proteins combined with striatal precede dopaminergic neuronal loss in a rat model of AAV alpha- neuroinflammation precede dopaminergic synucleinopathy neuronal loss in a rat model of AAV alpha- synucleinopathy DNAH12 exonic 201625 PubMed search “dynein AND parkinson′s” PubMed search “dynein AND parkinson′s” yields 13 refs, such as yields 13 refs, suchasPMID 19295143: PMID 19295143: Dynamic changes in presynaptic and axonal Dynamic changes in presynaptic and axonal transport proteins combined with striatal neuroinflammation transport proteins combined with striatal precede dopaminergic neuronal loss in a rat model of AAV alpha- neuroinflammation precede dopaminergic synucleinopathy neuronal loss in a rat model of AAV alpha- synucleinopathy DNAH8 exonic 1769 PubMed search “dynein AND parkinson′s” PubMed search “dynein AND parkinson′s” yields 13 refs, such as yields 13 refs, suchasPMID 19295143: PMID 19295143: Dynamic changes in presynaptic and axonal Dynamic changes in presynaptic and axonal transport proteins combined with striatal neuroinflammation transport proteins combined with striatal precede dopaminergic neuronal loss in a rat model of AAV alpha- neuroinflammation precede dopaminergic synucleinopathy neuronal loss in a rat model of AAV alpha- synucleinopathy DNAJC18 exonic 202052 Gene alias is HSP40; protein aggregation, PMID Gene alias is HSP40; protein aggregation, PMID 17984091; 20 17984091; 20 citations for PubMed search citations for PubMed search “hsp40 AND parkinson′s”; such as “hsp40 AND parkinson′s”; such as PMID PMID 18711724: DnaJB6 is present in the core of Lewy bodies 18711724: DnaJB6 is present in the core of and is highly up-regulated in parkinsonian astrocytes Lewy bodies and is highly up-regulated in parkinsonian astrocytes DPP6 intronic 1804 Neurological link, ALS candidate; see PMIDs Neurological link, ALS candidate; see PMIDs 19676137, 19676137, 20001489, 20573902, 20685689; 20001489, 20573902, 20685689; also family member DPP10 also family member DPP10 CNVs appear in CNVs appear in multiple PD cases multiple PD cases DSCR10 exonic 259234 No gene information No gene information DSCR4 exonic 10281 The region of chromosome 21 between genes The region of chromosome 21 between genes CBR and ERG CBR and ERG (CBR-ERG region), which spans (CBR-ERG region), which spans 2.5 Mb on 21q22.2, has been 2.5 Mb on 21q22.2, has been defined by analysis defined by analysis of patients with partial trisomy 21. It of patients with partial trisomy 21. It contributes contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of many significantly to the pathogenesis of many characteristics of Down syndrome, including morphological characteristics of Down syndrome, including features, hypotonia, and mental retardation. This gene is found in morphological features, hypotonia, and mental this region and multiple transcripts may exist. It is mainly retardation. This gene is found in this region and expressed in the placenta. multiple transcripts may exist. It is mainly expressed in the placenta. DSCR8 exonic 84677 No gene information No gene information EFNA5 intronic 1946 RefSeq gene summary: “Ephrin-A5, a member RefSeq gene summary: “Ephrin-A5, a member of the ephrin gene of the ephrin gene family, prevents axon family, prevents axon bundling in cocultures of cortical neurons bundling in cocultures of cortical neurons with with astrocytes, a model of late stage nervous system development astrocytes, a model of late stage nervous system and differentiation”; see also EPHA3, which has neurological and development and differentiation”; see also PD links EPHA3, which has neurological and PD links EPHA3 exonic 2042 OMIM 179611; PMID 18403711: Segregation OMIM 179611; PMID 18403711: Segregation of axial motor and of axial motor and sensory pathways via sensory pathways via heterotypic trans-axonal signaling; PMID heterotypic trans-axonal signaling; PMID 21791286: Anatomical Coupling of Sensory and Motor Nerve 21791286: Anatomical Coupling of Sensory and Trajectory via Axon Tracking; LRRK2 link, PMID 20096956: Motor Nerve Trajectory via Axon Tracking; Transcriptional profde of Parkinson blood mononuclear cells with LRRK2 link, PMID 20096956: Transcriptional LRRK2 mutation profile of Parkinson blood mononuclear cells with LRRK2 mutation ERC2 exonic 26059 Neurological links, such as PMID 21228161: Neurological links, such as PMID 21228161: Calcium channels Calcium channels link the muscle-derived link the muscle-derived synapse organizer laminin √e′¬ ≤ 2 to synapse organizer laminin √e′¬ ≤ 2 to Bassoon Bassoon and CAST/Erc2 to organize presynaptic active zones; and CAST/Erc2 to organize presynaptic active PMID 19874790: ELKS2alpha/CAST deletion selectively zones; PMID 19874790: ELKS2alpha/CAST increases neurotransmitter release at inhibitory synapses deletion selectively increases neurotransmitter release at inhibitory synapses ERG exonic 2078 ERG involved in brain development (PMID ERG involved in brain development (PMID 1372068); SNCA- 1372068); SNCA-ERG interaction detected: ERG interaction detected: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/pages/interactions/ http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/pages/interactions/interactions.xhtml? interactions.xhtml?query=EBI-2679254 query=EBI-2679254 F7 exonic 2155 coagulation factor VII; OMIM 613878 coagulation factor VII; OMIM 613878 FABP5P3 exonic 220832 No gene information fatty acid binding protein 5 pseudogene 3 (FABP5P3) FAM133CP exonic 728640 No gene information No gene information FAM193A exonic 8603 No gene information No gene information FAM22A exonic 728118 No gene information No gene information FAM22D exonic 728130 No gene information No gene information FAM27C exonic 100132948 No gene information family with sequence similarity 27, member C (FAM27C) FAM35A exonic 54537 No gene information No gene information FAM70B both 348013 family with sequence similarity 70, member B; family with sequence similarity 70, member B; no gene info no gene info FAM74A1 exonic 401507 No gene information family with sequence similarity 74, member A1 (FAM74A1) FAM74A3 exonic 728495 No gene information family with sequence similarity 74, member A3 (FAM74A3) FAM95B1 exonic 100133036 No gene information family with sequence similarity 95, member B1 (FAM95B1) FBXO18 both 84893 From RefSeq summary: “The F-box proteins From RefSeq summary: “The F-box proteins constitute one of the constitute one of the four subunits of ubiquitin four subunits of ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1- (SKPl-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation- cullin-F-box), which function in dependent ubiquitination.”PubMed search “cullin AND phosphorylation-dependent parkinson′s” yields 12 refs, such as PMID 20082978: Modeling ubiquitination.”PubMed search “cullin AND sporadic Parkinson′s disease by silencing the ubiquitin E3 ligase parkinson′s” yields 12 refs, such as PMID component, SKPIA 20082978: Modeling sporadic Parkinson′s disease by silencing the ubiquitin E3 ligase component, SKP1A FBXW11 both 23291 PMID 18575781: Oxidative stress-induced PMID 18575781: Oxidative stress-induced ubiquitination of ubiquitinationof RCAN1 mediated by SCFbeta- RCAN1 mediated by SCFbeta-TrCP ubiquitin ligase; U.S.PTO TrCP ubiquitin ligase; U.S.PTO application application 11/914,167 (Lindquist, inventor) 11/914,167 (Lindquist, inventor) FGF10 exonic 2255 Precedence for role of FGFs (22 genes in the Precedence for role of FGFs (22 genes in the family) in variety of family) in variety of diseases including PD diseases including PD (PMID 19621416); OMIM 602115; see (PMID 19621416); OMIM 602115; see PMID PMID 18329286: Localization and fate of Fgf10-expressing cells 18329286: Localization and fate of Fgf10- in the adult mouse brain implicate Fgf10 in control of expressing cells in the adult mouse brain neurogenesis implicate Fgf10 in control of neurogenesis FGF12 intronic 2257 Limited gene information; fibroblast growth Limited gene information; fibroblast growth factors linked to PD factors linked to PD pathology, such as PMID pathology, such as PMID 19731552: Neurotrophic support of 19731552: Neurotrophic support of midbrain midbrain dopaminergic neurons dopaminergic neurons FGL1 exonic 2267 Fibrinogen-like 1 is a member of the fibrinogen Fibrinogen-like 1 is a member of the fibrinogen family. This family. This protein is homologous to the protein is homologous to the carboxy terminus of the fibrinogen carboxy terminus of the fibrinogen beta- and beta- and gamma-subunits which contains the four conserved gamma-subunits which contains the four cysteines of fibrinogens and fibrinogen related proteins. However, conserved cysteines of fibrinogens and this protein lacks the platelet-binding site, cross-linking region and fibrinogen related proteins. However, this a thrombin-sensitive site which are necessary for fibrin clot protein lacks the platelet-binding site, cross- formation. This protein may play a role in the development of linking region and a thrombin-sensitive site hepatocellular carcinomas. Four alternatively spliced transcript which are necessary for fibrin clot formation. variants encoding the same protein exist for this gene. This protein may play a role in the development of hepatocellular carcinomas. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein exist for this gene. FHIT exonic 2272 FHIT is known as a cancer gene but there are FHIT is known as a cancer gene but there are neurological links as neurological links as well (e.g., see PMIDs well (e.g., see PMIDs 21035495 and 21465257); possible cancer- 21035495 and 21465257); possible cancer- neurological link because purine metabolism of FHIT and neurological link because purine metabolism of analogously MS and lymphoma drug cladribine FHIT and analogously MS and lymphoma dmg (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladribine); see also PMID cladribine 19302482: Protection of midbrain dopaminergic neurons by the (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladribine); see end-product of purine metabolism uric acid: potentiation by low- also PMID 19302482: Protection of midbrain level depolarization dopaminergic neurons by the end-product of purine metabolism uric acid: potentiation by low-level depolarization FLJ33630 intronic 644873 No gene information No gene information FLJ42393 exonic 401105 No gene information No gene information FMNL2 intronic 114793 formin-like protein 2; formin-related proteins formin-like protein 2; formin-related proteins have been have been implicated in morphogenesis, implicated in morphogenesis, cytokinesis, and cell polarity; cytokinesis, and cell polarity; activated by RAC activated by RAC and it interacts with SRGAP2, which is also and it interacts with SRGAP2, which is also found to contain PD-specific CNVs in two or more PD cases, see found to contain PD-specific CNVs in two or PMID 21148482: Bi-modal regulation of a formin by srGAP2 more PD cases, see PMID 21148482: Bi-modal regulation of a formin by srGAP2 FOXD4L2 exonic 100036519 forkhead box D4-like 2 forkhead box D4-like 2 (FOXD4L2) FOXD4L4 exonic 349334 forkhead box protein D4-like 4 forkhead box D4-like 4 (FOXD4L4) GABRE exonic 2564 PD link (OMIM 300093), gene located in the PD link (OMIM 300093), gene located in the candidate regions of candidate regions of 2 different neurological 2 different neurological diseases, early-onset parkinsonism, or diseases, early-onset parkinsonism, or Waisman Waisman syndrome (OMIM 311510), andMRX3 (OMIM syndrome (OMIM 311510), andMRX3 (OMIM 309541), a form of X-linked mental retardation; see also PMID 309541), a form of X-linked mental retardation; 19625540: Inhibitory transmission in locus coeruleus neurons see also PMID 19625540: Inhibitory expressing GABAA receptor epsilon subunit has a number of transmission in locus coeruleus neurons unique properties; PMID 12633144: Neuronal loss is greater in the expressing GABAA receptor epsilon subunit has locus coemleus than nucleus basalis and substantia nigra in a number of unique properties; PMID 12633144: Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases; potential therapeutic target Neuronal loss is greater in the locus coeruleus (PMID 17992687); U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,172; 16 PubMed refs for than nucleus basalis and substantia nigra in “GABAA receptor AND Parkinson′s”, eg, PMID 2851679: Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases; potential GABAA receptor but not muscarinic receptor density was therapeutic target (PMID 17992687); U.S. Pat. No. decreased in the brain of patients with Parkinson′s disease 5,654,172; 16 PubMed refs for “GABAA receptor AND Parkinson′s”, eg, PMID 2851679: GABAA receptor but not muscarinic receptor density was decreased in the brain of patients with Parkinson′s disease GADL1 both 339896 Limited gene info, neurological link (PMID Limited gene info, neurological link (PMID 7038682); see also 7038682); see also neuro link via protein neuro link via protein product (PMIDs 2884126, 1708467, product (PMIDs 2884126, 1708467, 9497435, 9497435, 12391091) 12391091) GALNT13 intronic 114805 Member of the UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D- Member of the UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide galactosamine:polypeptide N- N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAcT; EC 2.4.1.41) acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAcT; EC family, which initiate O-linked glycosylation of mucins (see 2.4.1.41) family, which initiate O-linked MUC3A, MIM 158371) by the initial transfer of N- glycosylation of mucins (see MUC3A, MIM acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) with an alpha-linkage to a serine or 158371) by the initial transfer of N- threonine residue; limited gene information acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) with an alpha- linkage to a serine or threonine residue; limited gene information GAS6 exonic 2621 GAS6 is a ligand of AXL; neurological link for GAS6 is a ligand of AXL; neurological link for AXL, PMID AXL, PMID 21569627: Loss of the receptor 21569627: Loss of the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl leads to tyrosine kinase Axl leads to enhanced enhanced inflammation in the CNS and delayed removal of myelin inflammation in the CNS and delayed removal debris during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; GAS6 of myelin debris during experimental characterized as ligand of AXL, PMID 7854420 and AXL is a autoimmune encephalomyelitis; GAS6 drug target; GAS6 and AXL also linked to VEGFA (PMID characterized as ligand of AXL, PMID 7854420 15507525), oxidative stress (PMID 15958209), AKT signaling and AXL is a drug target; GAS6 and AXL also (PMID 18346204), osmotic stress (PMID 18673450), AKL mice linked to VEGFA (PMID 15507525), oxidative model has prolonged axonal damage after cuprizone toxicity stress (PMID 15958209), AKT signaling (PMID (PMID 18804096), MS (PMID 19541935), NGF and neuronal 18346204), osmotic stress (PMID 18673450), differentiation and survival (PMID 19027714) AKL mice model has prolonged axonal damage after cuprizone toxicity (PMID 18804096), MS (PMID 19541935), NGF and neuronal differentiation and survival (PMID 19027714) GAS6-AS1 exonic 650669 No gene information GAS6 antisense RNA 1 (GAS6-AS1) GGTLC2 exonic 91227 gamma-glutamyltransferase light chain 2 Gamma-glutamyltransferase-1 (GGT1; MIM 612346) is a isoform 1 membrane-bound extracellular enzyme that cleaves gamma- glutamyl peptide bonds in glutathione and other peptides and transfers the gamma-glutamyl moiety to acceptors. Autocatalytic cleavage of the GGT1 precursor polypeptide produces a heavy chain and a light chain that associate with each other to form the functional enzyme. Light chain-only GGTs, such as GGTLC2, contain a region corresponding to the GGTI light chain, but they lack the membrane-anchoring heavy chain region (Heisterkamp et al., 2008 [PubMed 18357469]).[suppliedby OMIM, Oct 2008]. ##RefSeq-Attributes-START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: BC069534.1, EL736203.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## GNB1 exonic 2782 Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins), proteins (G proteins), which integrate signals which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins, between receptors and effector proteins, are are composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit. These composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunits are encoded by families of related genes. This gene subunit. These subunits are encoded by families encodes a beta subunit. Beta subunits are important regulators of of related genes. This gene encodes a beta alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors subunit. Beta subunits are important regulators and effectors. This gene uses alternative polyadenylation signals. of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. This gene uses alternative polyadenylation signals. GNG12-AS1 intronic 100289178 No gene information No gene information GNG4 exonic 2786 See PMIDs 7782277, A direct interaction See PMIDs 7782277, A direct interaction between G-protein beta between G-protein beta gamma subunits and the gamma subunits and the Raf-1 protein kinase, and 17055733, Raf-1 protein kinase, and 17055733, Activation Activation of tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathway by of tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathway by rasagiline facilitates neurorescue and restoration of nigrostriatal rasagiline facilitates neurorescue and restoration dopamine neurons in post-MPTP-induced parkinsonism (abstract of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in post- cites role of RAF1 in Trk pathway) MPTP-induced parkinsonism (abstract cites role of RAF1 in Trk pathway) GPR20 exonic 2843 GPR20 involved in cAMP levels (PMID GPR20 involved in cAMP levels (PMID 18347022), which also 18347022), which also has link to PD (PMID has link to PD (PMID 21079735); also, GPR20 overexpression 21079735); also, GPR20 overexpression decreases cAMP levels, which some PD dmgs can boost (PMID decreases cAMP levels, which some PD drugs 17100591); cAMP is neuroprotective, PMID 1357186: Cyclic can boost (PMID 17100591); cAMP is AMP, but not basic FGF, increases the in vitro survival of neuroprotective, PMID 1357186: Cyclic AMP, mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and protects them from but not basic FGF, increases the in vitro survival MPP(+)-induced degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and protects them from MPP(+)-induced degeneration GPR98 intronic 84059 Mutations in this gene are associated with Usher Mutations in this gene are associated with Usher syndrome 2 and syndrome 2 and familial febrile seizures. familial febrile seizures. GRIN2A intronic 2903 Neurological role (OMIM 138253) and GWAS Neurological role (OMIM 138253) and GWAS PD link (PMID PD link (PMID 21876681) 21876681) GRM5 intronic 2915 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5; many glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5; many neurological references neurological references and direct PD link, and direct PD link, PMID 21103359: Alterations in mGluR5 PMID 21103359: Alterations in mGluR5 expression and signaling in Lewy body disease and in transgenic expression and signaling in Lewy body disease models of alpha-synucleinopathy-implications for excitotoxicity. and in transgenic models of alpha- synucleinopathy-implications for excitotoxicity. GSTTP2 exonic 653399 glutathione S-transferase theta pseudogene 2; glutathione S-transferase theta pseudogene 2; limited gene limited gene information information HDAC9 exonic 9734 Neurological link, see PMIDs 20525065 and Neurological link, see PMIDs 20525065 and 20525066: 20525066: Nucleocytoplasmic translocation of Nucleocytoplasmic translocation of HDAC9 regulates gene HDAC9 regulates gene expression and dendritic expression and dendritic growth in developing cortical neurons; growth in developing cortical neurons; HD AC HD AC role in GAD expression and potential therapeutic of role in GAD expression and potential HD AC inhibitor, PMID 17360583: Histone hyperacetylation therapeutic of HD AC inhibitor, PMID induces demethylation of reelin and 67-kDa glutamic acid 17360583: Histone hyperacetylation induces decarboxylase promoters; PMID 20947501: Histone deacetylase 9 demethylation of reelin and 67-kDa glutamic (HDAC9) regulates the functions of the ATDC (TRIM29) protein; acid decarboxylase promoters; PMID 20947501: HDRP (HDAC9 alt gene name) is neuroprotective, PMID Histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) regulates the 16611996: Neuroprotection by histone deacetylase-related protein; functions of the ATDC (TRIM29) protein; PMID 15711539: Histone deacetylase 9 couples neuronal activity HDRP (HDAC9 alt gene name) is to muscle chromatin acetylation and gene expression; also neuroprotective, PMID 16611996: HDAC9 link to MEF2, PMID 20197093: MEF-2 regulates Neuroprotection by histone deacetylase-related activity-dependent spine loss in striatopallidal medium spiny protein; PMID 15711539: Histone deacetylase 9 neurons, PMID 21393861: Direct regulation of complex I by couples neuronal activity to muscle chromatin mitochondrial MEF2D is disrupted in a mouse model of Parkinson acetylation and gene expression; also HDAC9 disease and in human patients link to MEF2, PMID 20197093: MEF-2 regulates activity-dependent spine loss in striatopallidal medium spiny neurons, PMID 21393861: Direct regulation of complex I by mitochondrial MEF2D is dismpted in a mouse model of Parkinson disease and in human patients HKR1 intronic 284459 HKRI, GLI-Kruppel zinc finger family member; HKRI, GLI-Kruppel zinc finger family member; link to MAPK link to MAPK pathway but most work done in pathway but most work done in yeast yeast HTA exonic 283902 No gene information No gene information HTR1E exonic 3354 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1E; 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1E; PubMed citations PubMed citations include psych disorders and include psych disorders and migraine but see also: migraine but see also: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mds.20370/full; Drug http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mds. target (http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5786155.html) but hard 20370/full; Drug target to find specific compounds and animal model (not expressed in (http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5786155.htm rodents but human homolog found in guinea pig), potential role in 1) but hard to find specific compounds and memory, pain, mental health and PD as other 5-HT receptors are animal model (not expressed in rodents but PD drug targets; Synaptic Pharmaceuticals now part of a Danish human homolog found in guinea pig), potential company: http://www.lundbeckresearch.us/; see also PMIDs role in memory, pain, mental health and PD as 19200348,21422162 other 5-HT receptors are PD drug targets; Synaptic Pharmaceuticals now part of a Danish company: http://www.lundbeckresearch.us/; see also PMIDs 19200348, 21422162 IGLL5 exonic 100423062 immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 5 This gene encodes one of the immunoglobulin lambda-like isoform 2 polypeptides. It is located within the immunoglobulin lambda locus but it does not require somatic rearrangement for expression. The first exon of this gene is unrelated to immunoglobulin variable genes; the second and third exons are the immunoglobulin lambda joining 1 and the immunoglobulin lambda constant 1 gene segments. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]. Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1). ##RefSeq-Attributes-START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: AJ318022.1, BG756003.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## IGSF21 intronic 84966 Limited gene information Limited gene information IKBKB exonic 3551 PD link: PMID 17314283: Parkin mediates PD link: PMID 17314283: Parkin mediates neuroprotection neuroprotection through activation of IkappaB through activation of IkappaB kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB kinase/nuclear factor-kappaB signaling; PMID signaling; PMID 20190013: Inhibition of IkappaB kinase-beta 20190013: Inhibition of IkappaB kinase-beta protects dopamine neurons against lipopolysaccharide-induced protects dopamine neurons against neurotoxicity. lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity. ILIRAPL1 both 11141 interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 1; interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 1; neurological link, neurological link, such as PMID 17502602: ILI- such as PMID 17502602: IL1-receptor accessory protein-like 1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (ILIRAPLI), a (ILIRAPLI), a protein involved in cognitive functions, regulates protein involved in cognitive functions, N-type Ca2+-channel and neurite elongation; PMID 21926414: regulates N-type Ca2+-channel and neurite The X-linked intellectual disability protein ILIRAPLI regulates elongation; PMID 21926414: The X-linked excitatory synapse formation by binding PTP{delta} and intellectual disability protein ILIRAPLI RhoGAP2; IL1RAPL2 also contains PD-specific CNVs regulates excitatory synapse formation by binding PTP{delta} and RhoGAP2; IL1RAPL2 also contains PD-specific CNVs IL1RAPL2 intronic 26280 neurological link (PMID 11587848): IL1RAPL2 neurological link (PMID 11587848): IL1RAPL2 maps to Xq22 maps to Xq22 and is specifically expressed in and is specifically expressed in the central nervous system; the central nervous system; IL1RAPL1 also ILIRAPLI also contains PD-specific CNVs contains PD-specific CNVs IQCG exonic 84223 IQ domain-containing protein G; limited gene IQ domain-containing protein G; limited gene information but information but neurological link for other IQ neurological link for other IQ domain proteins, see Ace View domain proteins, see Ace View entry: “Some entry: “Some proteins known to contain an IQ motif are listed proteins known to contain an IQ motif are listed below: A number of conventional and unconventional myosins. below: A number of conventional and Neuromodulin (GAP-43). This protein is associated with nerve unconventional myosins. Neuromodulin (GAP- growth. It is a major component of the motile “growth cones” that 43). This protein is associated with nerve form the tips of elongating axons. Neurogranin (NG/p17). Acts as growth. It is a major component of the motile a “third messenger” substrate of protein kinase C-mediated “growth cones” that form the tips of elongating molecular cascades during synaptic development and remodeling. axons. Neurogranin (NG/p17). Acts as a “third Sperm surface protein Sp17. Ras GTPase-activating-like protein messenger” substrate of protein kinase C- IQGAP1. IQGAP1 contains 4 IQ motifs.” mediated molecular cascades during synaptic development and remodeling. Sperm surface protein Spl7. Ras GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1. IQGAP1 contains 4 IQ motifs.” ISLR exonic 3671 No gene information No gene information ISLR2 exonic 57611 No gene information No gene information ITGAM exonic 3684 Gene alias is MAC-1 and has AD/PD link, Gene alias is MAC-1 and has AD/PD link, PMID 21232086: PMID 21232086: Microglial MAC1 receptor Microglial MAC1 receptor and PI3K are essential in mediating b- and PI3K are essential in mediating b-amyloid amyloid peptide-induced microglial activation and subsequent peptide-induced microglial activation and neurotoxicity subsequent neurotoxicity JAG2 exonic 3714 Cancer link but also neurological link, such as Cancer link but also neurological link, such as PMID 20680491: PMID 20680491: Proliferating neural Proliferating neural progenitors in the developing CNS of progenitors in the developing CNS of zebrafish zebrafish require Jagged2 and Jagged 1b. require Jagged2 and Jagged 1b. KANSL1 both 284058 Link to MAPT locus, see also PMID 11641718 Link to MAPT locus, see also PMID 11641718 KANSL1-AS1 exonic 644246 No gene information KANSL1 antisense RNA 1 (KANSL1-AS1) KATNAL2 exonic 83473 katanin p60 subunit A-like 2; no gene katanin p60 subunit A-like 2; no gene information information KCNA7 exonic 3743 This gene encodes a member of the potassium This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage- channel, voltage-gated, shaker-related gated, shaker-related subfamily. This member contains six subfamily. This member contains six membrane- membrane-spanning domains with a shaker-type repeat in the spanning domains with a shaker-type repeat in fourth segment. The gene is expressed preferentially in skeletal the fourth segment. The gene is expressed muscle, heart and kidney. It is a candidate gene for inherited preferentially in skeletal muscle, heart and cardiac disorders. kidney. It is a candidate gene for inherited cardiac disorders. KCNJ15 exonic 3772 Gene aliases IRKK; KIRL3; KIR4.2; Gene aliases IRKK; KIRL3; KIR4.2; neurlogical link, see PMID neurlogical link, see PMID 9647694: C1PP 9647694: C1PP [gene alias INADL], a novel multivalent PDZ [gene alias INADL], a novel multivalent PDZ domain protein, selectively interacts with Kir4.0 family members, domain protein, selectively interacts with Kir4.0 NMDA receptor subunits, neurexins, and neuroligins and PMID family members, NMDA receptor subunits, 15068243: Chromosome 21 KIR channels in brain development; neurexins, and neuroligins and PMID 15068243: via AceView on INADL, DLG2 listed as a second interactor, Chromosome 21 KIR channels in brain which is also found to harbor a PD-specific CNV development; via AceView on INADL, DLG2 listed as a second interactor, which is also found to harbor a PD-specific CNV KCNMAl exonic 3778 Some gene mutations cause paroxysmal Some gene mutations cause paroxysmal dyskinesia (OMIM dyskinesia (OMIM 600150, see mouse model); 600150, see mouse model); KCNMA1 is a BK channel, which are KCNMA1 is a BK channel, which are implicated in neurological disorders, see PMID 11060806: Is there implicated in neurological disorders, see PMID a role for potassium channel openers in neuronal ion channel 11060806: Is there a role for potassium channel disorders? And PMID 11222629: Oxidative regulation of large openers in neuronal ion channel disorders? And conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. PMID 11222629: Oxidative regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. KCNN3 exonic 3782 Link to ataxia and PD (PMIDs 11594924, Link to ataxia and PD (PMIDs 11594924, 18650029), see also 18650029), see also PMID 21767612: Spike PMID 21767612: Spike frequency adaptation is developmentally frequency adaptation is developmentally regulated in substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons regulated in substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons KGFLP2 exonic 654466 No gene information keratinocyte growth factor-like protein 2 (KGFLP2) KIAA1751 exonic 85452 No gene information No gene information KIF7 exonic 374654 AD/PD link, see PMID 18725959: The actin- AD/PD link, see PMID 18725959: The actin-binding protein binding protein capulet genetically interacts with capulet genetically interacts with the microtubule motor kinesin to the microtubule motor kinesin to maintain maintain neuronal dendrite homeostasis and PMID 18845538: neuronal dendrite homeostasis and PMID Parkin regulates Eg5 [motor protein of kinesin family] expression 18845538: Parkin regulates Eg5 [motor protein by Hsp70 ubiquitination-dependent inactivation of c-Jun NH2- of kinesin family] expression by Hsp70 terminal kinase; See also AHI1; OMIM phenotypic series includes ubiquitination-dependent inactivation of c-Jun a Joubert syndrome locus (15q26.1) that includes KIF7 (OMIM NH2-terminal kinase; See also AHI1; OMIM 200990); via AceView, link to CENPE and DNAHs phenotypic series includes a Joubert syndrome locus (15426.1) that includes KIF7 (OMIM 200990); via Ace View, link to CENPE and DNAHs KLRC1 exonic 3821 Gene alias is NKG2A, associated with Gene alias is NKG2A, associated with autoimmune disease autoimmune disease (OMIM 161555) (OMIM 161555) KLRC2 exonic 3822 NKG2-C type II integral membrane protein Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that can mediate lysis of certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without previous activation. They can also regulate specific humoral and cell- mediated immunity. NK cells preferentially express several calcium-dependent (C-type) lectins, which have been implicated in the regulation of NK cell function. The group, designated KLRC (NKG2) are expressed primarily in natural killer (NK) cells and encodes a family of transmembrane proteins characterized by a type II membrane orientation (extracellular C terminus) and the presence of a C-type lectin domain. The KLRC (NKG2) gene family is located within the NK complex, a region that contains several C-type lectin genes preferentially expressed on NK cells. KLRC2 alternative splice variants have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined, [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene record to access additional publications. ##RefSeq- Attributes-START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: X54869.1, AF078550.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes- END## KLRC3 exonic 3823 NKG2-E type II integral membrane protein Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that can mediate lysis isoform H of certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without previous activation. They can also regulate specific humoral and cell- mediated immunity. NK cells preferentially express several calcium-dependent (C-type) lectins, which have been implicated in the regulation of NK cell function. KLRC3 is a member of the NKG2 group which are expressed primarily in natural killer (NK) cells and encodes a family of transmembrane proteins characterized by a type II membrane orientation (extracellular C terminus) and the presence of a C-type lectin domain. The NKG2 gene family is located within the NK complex, a region that contains several C-type lectin genes preferentially expressed on NK cells. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms, [provided by RefSeq, Jul 20081. Transcript Variant: This variant (1), also known as NKG2- E, represents the longer transcript but encodes the shorter isoform (E). KYNU exonic 8942 PD link and other neuro diseases via kynurenine PD link and other neuro diseases via kynurenine pathway, see pathway, see PMID 21687761: The involvement PMID 21687761: The involvement of neuroinflammation and of neuroinflammation and kynurenine pathway kynurenine pathway in Parkinson′s disease in Parkinson′s disease LGI1 intronic 9211 leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1; see OMIM leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1; see OMIM 604619, strong 604619, strong neuro function and causes neuro function and causes epilepsy, for example see PMIDs epilepsy, for example see PMIDs 20663977 and 20663977 and 20130004 20130004 LINC00271 exonic 100131814 No gene information No gene information LMLN exonic 89782 leishmanolysin-like (metallopeptidase M8 leishmanolysin-like (metallopeptidase M8 family), gene alias is family), gene alias is invadolysin (PMID invadolysin (PMID 15557119) 15557119) LOC100128292 exonic 100128292 No gene information No gene information LOC100128822 exonic 100128822 No gene information uncharacterized LOC100128822 (LOC100128822) LOC100506172 exonic 100506172 No gene information No gene information LOC255130 both 255130 No gene information No gene information LOC255654 exonic 255654 No gene information No gene information LOC283731 exonic 283731 No gene information No gene information LOC286297 exonic 286297 No gene information uncharacterized LOC286297 (LOC286297) LOC439994 exonic 439994 No gene information No gene information LOC642929 exonic 642929 No gene information general transcription factor II, i pseudogene (LOC642929) LOC643648 exonic 643648 No gene information uncharacterized LOC643648 (LOC643648) LOC648691 exonic 648691 No gene information uncharacterized LOC648691 (LOC648691) LOC653501 exonic 653501 No gene information zinc finger protein 658 pseudogene (LOC653501) LOC728190 exonic 728190 No gene information No gene information LOC728218 exonic 728218 No gene information No gene information LOC731779 exonic 731779 No gene information No gene information LOC96610 exonic 96610 BMSI homolog, ribosome assembly protein BMSI homolog, ribosome assembly protein (yeast) pseudogene; (yeast) pseudogene; limited gene information limited gene information (OMIM 605141) (OMIM 605141) LPP exonic 4026 Gene product is a member of zyxin protein Gene product is a member of zyxin protein family and has a role family and has a role in cell migration and focal in cell migration and focal adhesions (PMID 19111675), with adhesions (PMID 19111675), with potential potential link to PD/AD via alpha actinin (PMID 3293578) link to PD/AD via alpha actinin (PMID 3293578) LRCH3 exonic 84859 leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology (CH) domain (CH) domain containing 3; no gene function containing 3; no gene function information but AceView indicates information but Ace View indicates it√¢,ç^(··),Ñ¢s it√¢,ç^(··),Ñ¢s a putative partner of YWHAG, which has been shown a putative partner of YWHAG, which has been to interact with RAF1(PD link PMID 17055733) and protein shown to interact with RAF1(PD link PMID kinase C 17055733) and protein kinase C LRP1 exonic 4035 Gene alias is A2MR; AD link (PMID 21585370) Gene alias is A2MR; AD link (PMID 21585370) and neurological and neurological link (PMID 21779915) link (PMID 21779915) LRP2 exonic 4036 PD link and Neurological links; PMID PD link and Neurological links; PMID 21800131: Up-regulation 21800131: Up-regulation of metallothionein of metallothionein gene expression in Parkinsonian astrocytes; gene expression in Parkinsonian astrocytes; some LRP2 mutations cause Donnai-Barrow syndrome which can some LRP2 mutations cause Donnai-Barrow include brain malformations (OMIM 600073); PMID 21720686: syndrome which can include brain New insights into the roles of megalin/LRP2 and the regulation of malformations (OMIM 600073); PMID its functional expression, abstract states, “expression of megalin 21720686: New insights into the roles of and some of its ligands in the central and peripheral nervous megalin/LRP2 and the regulation of its system suggests a role for this receptor in neural regeneration functional expression, abstract states, processes;” also linked to APP function (PMID 21947084); PMID “expression of megalin and some of its ligands 21833580: Metallothionein promotes regenerative axonal in the central and peripheral nervous system sprouting of dorsal root ganglion neurons after physical axotomy, suggests a role for this receptor in neural abstract states “This study provides a clear indication that MT regeneration processes;” also linked to APP [metallothionein I/II) promotes axonal regeneration of DRG function (PMID 21947084); PMID 21833580: neurons, via a megalin- and MAPK-dependent mechanism;” see Metallothionein promotes regenerative axonal also PMID 21779915 sprouting of dorsal root ganglion neurons after physical axotomy, abstract states “This study provides a clear indication that MT [metallothionein I/II) promotes axonal regeneration of DRG neurons, via a megalin- and MAPK-dependent mechanism;” see also PMID 21779915 LRRFIP1 intronic 9208 Interferon response (PMID 20586614) and Interferon response (PMID 20586614) and linked to lysomoal linked to lysomoal structures (PMID 21102652), structures (PMID 21102652), both processes linked to PD both processes linked to PD LRRIQ3 both 127255 No gene information No gene information LRRK2 exonic 120892 Some mutations are causative of PD (OMIM Some mutations are causative of PD (OMIM 609007) 609007) MAGI3 intronic 260425 PMID 15458844: The complexity of PDZ PMID 15458844: The complexity of PDZ domain-mediated domain-mediated interactions at glutamatergic interactions at glutamatergic synapses: a case study on neuroligin synapses: a case study on neuroligin MANBA exonic 4126 OMIM 609489, deletion causes spinocerebellar OMIM 609489, deletion causes spinocerebellar ataxia disease ataxia disease (PMID 18980795), not sure about (PMID 18980795), not sure about gain gain MAP2 intronic 4133 35 PubMed citations for “MAP2 AND 35 PubMed citations for “MAP2 AND parkinson′s” parkinson′s” MAS1 exonic 4142 Gene linked to cancer but also neurobehavioral Gene linked to cancer but also neurobehavioral and blood pressure and blood pressure roles, see OMIM 165180; roles, see OMIM 165180; neurological link, see PMID 21178125: neurological link, see PMID 21178125: ACE2/ANG-(l-7)/Mas pathway in the brain: the axis of good ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/Mas pathway in the brain: the axis of good MATN2 intronic 4147 matrilin 2 has strong neurological link, see matrilin 2 has strong neurological link, see PMID 19295126: The PMID 19295126: The extracellular-matrix extracellular-matrix protein matrilin 2 participates in peripheral protein matrilin 2 participates in peripheral nerve regeneration nerve regeneration MECP2 intronic 4204 methyl CpG binding protein 2 (Rett syndrome); methyl CpG binding protein 2 (Rett syndrome); see OMIM see OMIM 300005; link to PD, PMID review 300005; link to PD, PMID review 19833297 and PMID 19833297 andPMID 21880923: Loss of mecp2 21880923: Loss of mecp2 in substantia nigra dopamine neurons in substantia nigra dopamine neurons compromises the nigrostriatal pathway compromises the nigrostriatal pathway MEGF10 both 84466 Neurological and AD links, PMID 20828568: Neurological and AD links, PMID 20828568: MEGF10 functions MEGF10 functions as a receptor for the uptake as a receptor for the uptake of amyloid-√e′¬≤. of amyloid-√e′¬≤. METTL21C both 196541 Gene alias is C13orf39; methyltransferase like Gene alias is C13orf39; methyltransferase like 21C, no gene info 21C, no gene info but present in 2 of 87 PD but present in 2 of 87 PD cases and 0 of 1005 Normals cases and 0 of 1005 Normals MGAM exonic 8972 maltase-glucoamylase, starch digestion; glucose maltase-glucoamylase, starch digestion; glucose metabolism metabolism (PMID 19193815) (PMID 19193815) MGAT4C intronic 25834 mannosyl (alpha-1,3-)-glycoprotein beta-1,4-N- mannosyl (alpha-1,3-)-glycoprotein beta-1,4-N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase, isozyme C; acetylglucosaminyltransferase, isozyme C; limited gene limited gene information but mice lacking N- information but mice lacking N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I acetylglucosaminyltransferase I die mid- die mid-gestation and embryos are developmentally retarded, most gestation and embryos are developmentally noticeably in neural tissue (PMID 8290590) retarded, most noticeably in neural tissue (PMID 8290590) MGC21881 exonic 389741 No gene information uncharacterized locus MGC21881 (MGC21881) MIR1910 exonic 100302261 No gene information No gene information MIR3123 exonic 100422856 No gene information No gene information MIR548H4 exonic 100313884 No gene information No gene information MIR548T intronic 100422849 No gene information microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non- coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem- loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. The RefSeq represents the predicted microRNA stem-loop, [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]. Sequence Note: This record represents a predicted microRNA stem-loop as defined by miRBase. Some sequence at the 5′ and 3′ ends may not be included in the intermediate precursor miRNA produced by Drosha cleavage. MIR5694 exonic 100847064 No gene information No gene information MIR650 exonic 723778 No gene information microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non- coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem- loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. The RefSeq represents the predicted microRNA stem-loop, [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2009]. Sequence Note: This record represents a predicted microRNA stem-loop as defined by miRBase. Some sequence at the 5′ and 3′ ends may not be included in the intermediate precursor miRNA produced by Drosha cleavage. MLL3 both 58508 myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 3; myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 3; limited gene limited gene information information MNX1 exonic 3110 Gene alias is HLXB9 and it causes Currarino Gene alias is HLXB9 and it causes Currarino syndrome (also syndrome (also Currarino triad) is an inherited Currarino triad) is an inherited congenital disorder where the congenital disorder where the sacrum is not sacrum is not formed properly; also motor neuron link, see PMIDs formed properly; also motor neuron link, see 21593306 and 17715199 PMIDs 21593306 and 17715199 MOB3B intronic 79817 Mps One Binder kinase activator-like 2B; Mps One Binder kinase activator-like 2B; RefSeq description: The RefSeq description: The protein encoded by this protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with the yeast Mob1 gene shares similarity with the yeast Mob1 protein. Yeast Mob1 binds Mps1p, a protein kinase essential for protein. Yeast Mob1 binds Mps1p, a protein spindle pole body duplication and mitotic checkpoint regulation. kinase essential for spindle pole body This gene is located on the opposite strand as the interferon kappa duplication and mitotic checkpoint regulation. precursor (IFNK) gene. This gene is located on the opposite strand as the interferon kappa precursor (IFNK) gene. MOGAT3 exonic 346606 Gene alias is MGAT3; see mouse model (PMID Gene alias is MGAT3; see mouse model (PMID 11986323): 11986323): Truncated, inactive N- Truncated, inactive N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GlcNAc- acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GlcNAc-TIII) TIII) induces neurological and other traits absent in mice that lack induces neurological and other traits absent in GlcNAc-TIII, abstract: “Mgat3(T37/T37) homozygotes in a mixed mice that lack GlcNAc-TIII, abstract: or 129(SvJ) background were retarded in growth rate and “Mgat3(T37/T37) homozygotes in a mixed or exhibited an altered leg clasp reflex, an altered gait, and defective 129(SvJ) background were retarded in growth nursing behavior” rate and exhibited an altered leg clasp reflex, an altered gait, and defective nursing behavior” MTHFD1L both 25902 The protein encoded by this gene is involved in The protein encoded by this gene is involved in the synthesis of the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate (THF) in the tetrahydrofolate (THF) in the mitochondrion. THF is important in mitochondrion. THF is important in the de novo the de novo synthesis of purines and thymidylate and in the synthesis of purines and thymidylate and in the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine. Several transcript regeneration of methionine from homocysteine. variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this Several transcript variants encoding different gene. isoforms have been found for this gene. MTU.S.1 exonic 57509 This gene encodes a protein which contains a C- This gene encodes a protein which contains a C-terminal domain terminal domain able to interact with the able to interact with the angiotension II (AT2) receptor and a large angiotension II (AT2) receptor and a large coiled-coil region allowing dimerization. Multiple alternatively coiled-coil region allowing dimerization. spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants found for this gene. One of the transcript variants has been shown encoding different isoforms have been found for to encode a mitochondrial protein that acts as a tumor suppressor this gene. One of the transcript variants has been and partcipates in AT2 signaling pathways. Other variants may shown to encode a mitochondrial protein that encode nuclear or transmembrane proteins but it has not been acts as a tumor suppressor and partcipates in determined whether they also participate in AT2 signaling AT2 signaling pathways. Other variants may pathways. encode nuclear or transmembrane proteins but it has not been determined whether they also participate in AT2 signaling pathways. MYO3B intronic 140469 myosin IIIB, limited gene information myosin IIIB, limited gene information NDUFA4L2 exonic 56901 Aceview lists PARK2 as putative partner Aceview lists PARK2 as putative partner NFIC intronic 4782 nuclear factor I/C (CCAAT-binding nuclear factor I/C (CCAAT-binding transcription factor); OMIM transcription factor); OMIM 600729 600729 NFKB1 exonic 4790 Previous study (PMID 12203044) did not find Previous study (PMID 12203044) did not find mutations in gene mutations in gene in PD cases, see also PMID inPD cases, see also PMID 20977677 (“Indeed, √e′¬≤±-synuclein 20977677 (“Indeed, √e′¬≤±-synuclein significantly reduces nuclear factor kappa B activation, which is significantly reduces nuclear factor kappa B completely quenched by dopamine treatment”) AND there are activation, which is completely quenched by several other relevant PMIDS as PubMed search “nuclear factor dopamine treatment”) AND there are several NF-kappa-B AND parkinson′s” lists 71 refs other relevant PMIDS as PubMed search “nuclear factor NF-kappa-B AND parkinson′s” lists 71 refs NKAIN3 intronic 286183 No gene information Na+/K+ transporting ATPase interacting 3; limited gene information; expressed in testis and brain only, see OMIM 612872; via Ace View InterPro: NKAIN (Na,K-Atpase INteracting) proteins are a family of evolutionary conserved transmembrane proteins that localise to neurons, that are critical for neuronal function, and that interact with the beta subunits, betal in vertebrates and beta in Drosophila, of Na,K-ATPase. NKAINs have highly conserved trans-membrane domains but otherwise no other characterised domains. NKAINs may function as subunits of pore or channel structures in neurons or they may affect the function of other membrane proteins. They are likely to function within the membrane bilayer NLGN1 intronic 22871 Neurological function, such as PMID 21056983: Neurological function, such as PMID 21056983: N-cadherin and N-cadherin and neuroligins cooperate to regulate neuroligins cooperate to regulate synapse formation in synapse formation in hippocampal cultures. hippocampal cultures. NLRP4 exonic 147945 NLRP7 also nearby; neurological and PD link, NLRP7 also nearby; neurological and PD link, see PMID see PMID 21209283 forNLRP4 and beclin1 21209283 for NLRP4 andbeclinl link: NLRP4 negatively link: NLRP4 negatively regulates autophagic regulates autophagic processes through an association with processes through an association with beclin1; beclinl; PD link via beclin1, PMID 20057503: The Parkinson- PD link via beclin1, PMID 20057503: The associated protein PINK1 interacts with Beclin1 and promotes Parkinson-associated protein PINK1 interacts autophagy (also PMID 21672589) with Beclinl and promotes autophagy (also PMID 21672589) NLRP7 exonic 199713 NLRP4 also nearby; OMIM 609661, role in NLRP4 also nearby; OMIM 609661, role in hydatidiform moles hydatidiform moles NRG1 intronic 3084 Intron CNV but is a longer transcript variant, see Intron CNV but is a longer transcript variant, see NM 013962.2; NM_013962.2; The protein encoded by this The protein encoded by this gene was originally identified as a 44- gene was originally identified as a 44-kD kD glycoprotein that interacts with the NEU/ERBB2 receptor glycoprotein that interacts with the tyrosine kinase to increase its phosphorylation on tyrosine NEU/ERBB2 receptor tyrosine kinase to residues; link to PD and AD see PMID 21517849, Systemic increase its phosphorylation on tyrosine administration of neuregulin- 1√e′¬≤(1) protects dopaminergic residues; link to PD and AD see PMID neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson′s disease 21517849, Systemic administration of neuregulin-1√e′¬≤( 1) protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson′s disease NRG3 intronic 10718 neuregulin 3; schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, neuregulin 3; schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ADHD links; ADHD links; schizophrenia and nicotine link schizophrenia and nicotine link (PMID 18784291) (PMID 18784291) NRXN3 intronic 9369 AD link, see PMID 21084300: Processing of the AD link, see PMID 21084300: Processing of the synaptic cell synaptic cell adhesion molecule neurexin-3beta adhesion molecule neurexin-3beta by Alzheimer disease alpha- by Alzheimer disease alpha- and gamma- and gamma-secretases secretases NSL1 exonic 25936 Centromere function, see PMID 20231385: Centromere function, see PMID 20231385: Inner centromere Inner centromere formation requires hMisl4, a formation requires hMis14, a trident kinetochore protein that trident kinetochore protein that specifically specifically recruits HP1 to human chromosomes recruits HPI to human chromosomes NTF3 both 4908 42 PubMed refs for “neurotrophin-3 AND 42 PubMed refs for “neurotrophin-3 AND Parkinson′s”, such as Parkinson′s”, such as PMID 20698822, PMID 20698822, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors as Monoamine oxidase inhibitors as neuroprotective agents in age-dependent neurodegenerative neuroprotective agents in age-dependent disorders; see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin: neurodegenerative disorders; see also “Neurotrophin-3, or NT-3, is a neurotrophic factor, in the NGF- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin: family of neurotrophins. It is a protein growth factor that has “Neurotrophin-3, or NT-3, is a neurotrophic activity on certain neurons of the peripheral and central nervous factor, in the NGF-family of neurotrophins. It is system; it helps to support the survival and differentiation of a protein growth factor that has activity on existing neurons, and encourages the growth and differentiation of certain neurons of the peripheral and central new neurons and synapses. NT-3 is the third neurotrophic factor to nervous system; it helps to support the survival be characterized, after NGF and BDNF. NT-3 is unique among the and differentiation of existing neurons, and neurotrophins in the number of neurons it has potential to encourages the growth and differentiation of stimulate, given its ability to activate two of the receptor tyrosine new neurons and synapses. NT-3 is the third kinase neurotrophin receptors (TrkC and TrkB). Mice born neurotrophic factor to be characterized, after without the ability to make NT-3 have loss of proprioceptive and NGF and BDNF. NT-3 is unique among the subsets of mechanoreceptive sensory neurons.” neurotrophins in the number of neurons it has potential to stimulate, given its ability to activate two of the receptor tyrosine kinase neurotrophin receptors (TrkC and TrkB). Mice born without the ability to make NT-3 have loss of proprioceptive and subsets of mechanoreceptive sensory neurons.” NTF4 exonic 4909 10 PubMed refs for “neurotrophin-4 AND 10 PubMed refs for “neurotrophin-4 AND Parkinson′s” such as Parkinson′s” suchasPMID 7908342: PMID 7908342: Neurotrophin-4/5 is a survival factor for Neurotrophin-4/5 is a survival factor for embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neurons in enriched cultures embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neurons in and PMID 19789989 (Liquiritin is a traditional Chinese enriched cultures and PMID 19789989 medicine): Liquiritin potentiate neurite outgrowth induced by (Liquiritin is a traditional Chinese medicine): nerve growth factor in PC 12 cells.; see also Liquiritin potentiate neurite outgrowth induced http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin: Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells.; see also is a neurotrophic factor that signals predominantly through the http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Neurotrophin: TrkB receptor tyrosine kinase. It is also known as NT4, NT5, Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is a neurotrophic factor NTF4, and NT-4/5; also from RefSeq gene descr.: While knock- that signals predominantly through the TrkB outs of other neurotrophins including nerve growth factor, brain- receptor tyrosine kinase. It is also known as derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin 3 prove lethal NT4, NT5, NTF4, and NT-4/5; also from during early postnatal development, NTF5-deficient mice only RefSeq gene descr.: While knock-outs of other show minor cellular deficits and develop normally to adulthood. neurotrophins including nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin 3 prove lethal during early postnatal development, NTF5-deficient mice only show minor cellular deficits and develop normally to adulthood. NXPH4 exonic 11247 Neurological link (PMID 9856994); NXPHs are Neurological link (PMID 9856994); NXPHs are neuropeptides neuropeptides that bind to NRXNs; see NXPH4 that bind to NRXNs; see NXPH4 in patent appl: in patent appl: http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20090131265 http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20090131265 PAK2 exonic 5062 PAK2 linked to PD via LRRK2 (see PMIDs PAK2 linked to PD via LRRK2 (see PMIDs 21454543, 17883396, 21454543, 17883396, 17314138, 19103160) 17314138, 19103160) PARVB exonic 29780 possible neurological/PD link via other genes, possible neurological/PD link via other genes, see PMID see PMID 12499396: Interaction of alphaPIX 12499396: Interaction of alphaPIX (ARHGEF6) with beta-parvin (ARHGEF6) with beta-parvin (PARVB) (PARVB) suggests an involvement of alphaPIX in integrin- suggests an involvement of alphaPIX in mediated signaling; also link between PARVB and ILK, which is integrin-mediated signaling; also link between linked to GSK-3B, a PD Rx target (e.g., see PMIDs 15467740, PARVB and ILK, which is linked to GSK-3B, a 17182785, 17490631) PD Rx target (e.g., see PMIDs 15467740, 17182785, 17490631) PCBD2 intronic 84105 pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase/dimerization cofactor of dehydratase/dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte hepatocyte nuclear factor l alpha (TCF1) 2; limited gene nuclear factor 1 alpha (TCF1) 2; limited gene information, OMIM 609836 information, OMIM 609836 PCDHA1 exonic 56147 protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro function, PMID function, PMID 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha family is required for serotonergic family is required for serotonergic projections to projections to appropriately innervate target brain areas appropriately innervate target brain areas PCDHA10 exonic 56139 protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro function, PMID function, PMID 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha family is required for serotonergic family is required for serotonergic projections to projections to appropriately innervate target brain areas appropriately innervate target brain areas PCDHA2 exonic 56146 protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro function, PMID function, PMID 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha family is required for serotonergic family is required for serotonergic projections to projections to appropriately innervate target brain areas appropriately innervate target brain areas PCDHA3 exonic 56145 protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro function, PMID function, PMID 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha family is required for serotonergic family is required for serotonergic projections to projections to appropriately innervate target brain areas appropriately innervate target brain areas PCDHA4 exonic 56144 protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro function, PMID function, PMID 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha family is required for serotonergic family is required for serotonergic projections to projections to appropriately innervate target brain areas appropriately innervate target brain areas PCDHA5 exonic 56143 protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro function, PMID function, PMID 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha family is required for serotonergic family is required for serotonergic projections to projections to appropriately innervate target brain areas appropriately innervate target brain areas PCDHA6 exonic 56142 protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro function, PMID function, PMID 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha family is required for serotonergic family is required for serotonergic projections to projections to appropriately innervate target brain areas appropriately innervate target brain areas PCDHA7 exonic 56141 protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro function, PMID function, PMID 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha family is required for serotonergic family is required for serotonergic projections to projections to appropriately innervate target brain areas appropriately innervate target brain areas PCDHA8 exonic 56140 protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro function, PMID function, PMID 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha family is required for serotonergic family is required for serotonergic projections to projections to appropriately innervate target brain areas appropriately innervate target brain areas PCDHA9 exonic 9752 protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro protocadherin alpha genes overlap; neuro function, PMID function, PMID 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha 19625505: Protocadherin-alpha family is required for serotonergic family is required for serotonergic projections to projections to appropriately innervate target brain areas appropriately innervate target brain areas PCM1 exonic 5108 Downregulation of PCM 1 affects axon Downregulation of PCM1 affects axon formation (PMID formation (PMID 20685982), also has 20685982), also has schizophrenia link schizophrenia link PHACTR2 intronic 9749 phosphatase and actin regulator 2; PHACTR2 phosphatase and actin regulator 2; PHACTR2 was identified in PD was identified in PD GWAS (rs11155313, GWAS (rs11155313, OR = ~1.3), see PMID 19429005: Phactr2 OR = ~1.3), see PMID 19429005: Phactr2 and and Parkinson′s disease Parkinson′s disease PIGZ exonic 80235 AD link between PIGZ and QPRT (involved in AD link between PIGZ and QPRT (involved in kynurenine kynurenine pathway, see PMID 21687761, pathway, see PMID 21687761, which is linked to PD), see PMID which is linked to PD), see PMID 21054826: 21054826: Viable mouse gene ablations that robustly alter brain Viable mouse gene ablations that robustly alter A√e′¬≤ levels are rare brain A√e′¬≤ levels are rare PITPNC1 intronic 26207 This gene encodes a member of the This gene encodes a member of the phosphatidylinositol transfer phosphatidylinositol transfer protein family. The protein family. The encoded cytoplasmic protein transfers encoded cytoplasmic protein transfers phosphatidylinositol from one membrane compartment to another; phosphatidylinositol from one membrane see also PMID 21728994 compartment to another; see also PMID 21728994 PITPNM3 exonic 83394 Causes autosomal dominant cone dystrophy Causes autosomal dominant cone dystrophy (OMIM 608921) (OMIM 608921) PKD1L3 exonic 342372 Gene function linked to taste, and both taste and Gene function linked to taste, and both taste and smell are smell are sometimes impaired in PD patients (51 sometimes impaired in PD patients (51 PubMed refs for “taste PubMed refs for “taste AND parkinson′s”, e.g., AND parkinson′s”, e.g., see PMIDs 21193922, 20736182, see PMIDs 21193922, 20736182, 18606556 18606556 PLCL1 both 5334 PMID 19996098: Phospholipase C-relatedbut PMID 19996098: Phospholipase C-related but catalytically catalytically inactive protein is required for inactive protein is required for insulin-induced cell surface insulin-induced cell surface expression of expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors.; which gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors.; is also identified as molecular marker in gene expression PD which is also identified as molecular marker in patent (http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100221735) gene expression PD patent (http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100221735) PLD1 intronic 5337 PD link, see PMID 9538008: Regulation of PD link, see PMID 9538008: Regulation of phospholipase D2: phospholipase D2: selective inhibition of selective inhibition of mammalian phospholipase D isoenzymes by mammalian phospholipase D isoenzymes by alpha- and beta-synucleins. alpha- and beta-synucleins. PLOD3 exonic 8985 The protein encoded by this gene is a The protein encoded by this gene is a membrane-bound membrane-bound homodimeric enzyme that is homodimeric enzyme that is localized to the cisternae of the rough localized to the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme (cofactors iron and ascorbate) endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme (cofactors catalyzes the hydroxylation of lysyl residues in collagen-like iron and ascorbate) catalyzes the hydroxylation peptides. The resultant hydroxylysyl groups are attachment sites of lysyl residues in collagen-like peptides. The for carbohydrates in collagen and thus are critical for the stability resultant hydroxylysyl groups are attachment of intermolecular crosslinks. Some patients with Ehlers-Danlos sites for carbohydrates in collagen and thus are syndrome type VIB have deficiencies in lysyl hydroxylase critical for the stability of intermolecular activity. crosslinks. Some patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VIB have deficiencies in lysyl hydroxylase activity. POLR3A exonic 11128 The protein encoded by this gene is the catalytic The protein encoded by this gene is the catalytic component of component of RNA polymerase III, which RNA polymerase III, which synthesizes small RNAs. The encoded synthesizes small RNAs. The encoded protein protein also acts as a sensor to detect foreign DNA and trigger an also acts as a sensor to detect foreign DNA and innate immune response. trigger an innate immune response. P0M121L1P exonic 25812 No gene information This locus appears to be a pseudogene related to DKFZp434K191, which is of unknown function. This pseudogene lies in the immunoglobulin lambda gene cluster on chromosome 22qll.21. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. Sequence Note: The RefSeq transcript was derived from genomic sequence to make the sequence consistent with the reference genome assembly. The genomic coordinates used for the transcript record were based on alignments. PPIL4 exonic 85313 Gene is peptidylprolyl isomerase (cyclophilin)- Gene is peptidylprolyl isomerase (cyclophilin)-like 4 and little like 4 and little known about it, but PMID known about it, but PMID 11978968 abstract states: The 11978968 abstract states: The cyclophilins are cyclophilins are members of a highly conserved, ubiquitous members of a highly conserved, ubiquitous family, and play an important role in protein folding, family, and play an important role in protein immunosuppression by cyclosporin A (CsA), and infection of folding, immunosuppression by cyclosporin A HIV-1 virions; in general searches 7 refs for PubMed search (CsA), and infection of HIV-1 virions; in ‘“peptidylprolyl isomerase” AND parkinson′s’, such as PMID general searches 7 refs for PubMed search 16365047: Prolyl-isomerase Pin1 accumulates in lewy bodies of “peptidylprolyl isomerase” AND parkinson′s′, parkinson disease and facilitates formation of alpha-synuclein such as PMID 16365047: Prolyl-isomerase Pin1 inclusions; also, 28 refs for PubMed search “FK506-binding accumulates in lewy bodies of parkinson disease protein AND Parkinson′s” such as PMID 21652707: Comparative and facilitates formation of alpha-synuclein Analysis of Different Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerases Reveals FK506- inclusions; also, 28 refs forPubMed search binding Protein 12 as the Most Potent Enhancer of {alpha}- “FK506-binding protein AND Parkinson′s” such Synuclein Aggregation; PMID 21553017: Unraveling the role of as PMID 21652707: Comparative Analysis of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases in neurodegeneration Different Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerases Reveals FK506-binding Protein 12 as the Most Potent Enhancer of {alpha}-Synuclein Aggregation; PMID 21553017: Unraveling the role of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases in neurodegeneration PRAME exonic 23532 melanoma antigen preferentially expressed in This gene encodes an antigen that is predominantly expressed in tumors human melanomas and that is recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes. It is not expressed in normal tissues, except testis. This expression pattern is similar to that of other CT antigens, such as MAGE, BAGE and GAGE. However, unlike these other CT antigens, this gene is also expressed in acute leukemias. Five alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed for this gene, [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. Transcript Variant: This variant (1) lacks a segment in the 5′ UTR compared to the longest variant (2). Both variants encode the same protein. Publication Note: This RefSeq record includes a subset of the publications that are available for this gene. Please see the Gene record to access additional publications. ##RefSeq- Attributes-START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: U65011.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## PREPL exonic 9581 PREPL (OMIM 609557) causes hyptonia- PREPL (OMIM 609557) causes hyptonia-cystinuria syndrome cystinuria syndrome (OMIM 606407) involving (OMIM 606407) involving SLCA1 and/or PREPL; see also SLCA1 and/or PREPL; see also PMIDS PMIDS 16385448, 17579669, 18234729, 18781961, 21686663, 16385448, 17579669, 18234729, 18781961, 21222627; see PMID 21692504 for potential as drug target 21686663, 21222627; see PMID 21692504 for potential as drug target PROSC exonic 11212 Gene is proline synthetase co-transcribed Gene is proline synthetase co-transcribed homolog (bacterial) and homolog (bacterial) and no info on function but no info on function but CNV found in 2 of 87 PD cases and 0 of CNV found in 2 of 87 PD cases and 0 of 1005 1005 Normals Normals PRTN3 exonic 5657 proteinase 3 (OMIM 177020) proteinase 3 (OMIM 177020) PSD3 intronic 23362 Gene aliases EFA6R and HCA67; pleckstrin and Gene aliases EFA6R and HCA67; pleckstrin and Sec7 domain Sec7 domain containing 3; cancer link, limited containing 3; cancer link, limited gene information gene information PTP4A3 exonic 11156 The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a small class of small class of prenylated protein tyrosine prenylated protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs are cell phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs are cell signaling signaling molecules that play regulatory roles in a variety of molecules that play regulatory roles in a variety cellular processes. This class of PTPs contain a PTP domain and a of cellular processes. This class of PTPs contain characteristic C-terminal prenylation motif. Studies of this class of a PTP domain and a characteristic C-terminal PTPs in mice demonstrated that they were prenylated proteins in prenylation motif. Studies of this class of PTPs vivo, which suggested their association with cell plasma in mice demonstrated that they were prenylated membrane. Overexpression of this gene in mammalian cells was proteins in vivo, which suggested their reported to inhibit angiotensin-II induced cell calcium association with cell plasma membrane. mobilization and promote cell growth. Two alternatively spliced Overexpression of this gene in mammalian cells variants exist. was reported to inhibit angiotensin-II induced cell calcium mobilization and promote cell growth. Two alternatively spliced variants exist. PTPRA exonic 5786 PD link and neurological link, see PMID PD link and neurological link, see PMID 7691597: Receptor 7691597: Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha activates pp60c-src and is alpha activates pp60c-src and is involved in involved in neuronal differentiation; abstract indicates functional neuronal differentiation; abstract indicates role of pp60c-src (SRC) and SRC is linked to PD (20 PubMed functional role of pp60c-src (SRC) and SRC is citations for “SRC AND Parkinson′s”) linked to PD (20 PubMed citations for “SRC AND Parkinson′s”) PTPRC exonic 5788 OMIM 151460; PD link for beta and zeta OMIM 151460; PD link for beta and zeta versions of receptor versions of receptor (PMIDs 21375485, (PMIDs 21375485, 19548869, 17368428), see also PMID 19548869, 17368428), see also PMID 12435803 12435803 PTPRD intronic 5789 Studies of the similar genes in chicken and fly Studies of the similar genes in chicken and fly suggest the role of suggest the role of this PTP is in promoting this PTP is in promoting neurite growth, and regulating neurons neurite growth, and regulating neurons axon axon guidance; neurological role in mouse model (OMIM 601598) guidance; neurological role in mouse model (OMIM 601598) PTPRO both 5800 OMIM 600579 indicates its role in kidney OMIM 600579 indicates its role in kidney disease, see also PMID disease, see also PMID 21722858: Disruption of 21722858: Disruption of PTPRO Causes Childhood-Onset PTPRO Causes Childhood-Onset Nephrotic Nephrotic Syndrome; neurological/PD link unknown but occurs in Syndrome; neurological/PD link unknown but 2-3 PD cases and 0 in 1005 Normals occurs in 2-3 PD cases and 0 in 1005 Normals PUF60 exonic 22827 Protein encoded by this gene is a Ro RNP- Protein encoded by this gene is a Ro RNP-binding protein. It binding protein. It interacts with Ro RNPs and interacts with Ro RNPs and their interaction is thought to their interaction is thought to represent a gain of represent a gain of function for Ro RNPs. This protein also forms function for Ro RNPs. This protein also forms a a ternary complex with far upstream element (FU.S.E) and FU.S.E- ternary complex with far upstream element binding protein; limited gene information; splicing factor (PMID (FU.S.E) and FU.S.E-binding protein; limited gene 18974054) information; splicing factor (PMID 18974054) RALYL both 138046 RALY RNA binding protein-like, implicated via RALY RNA binding protein-like, implicated via yeast 2-hybrid yeast 2-hybrid screen as binding partner of screen as binding partner of LRRK2, see PMID 19001729: LRRK2, see PMID 19001729: Screening of Screening of LRRK2 interactants by yeast 2-hybrid analysis LRRK2 interactants by yeast 2-hybrid analysis RASA3 exonic 22821 RAS p21 protein activator 3 and is a GAPI RAS p21 protein activator 3 and is a GAPI family member; family member; MAPK link (PMID 18952607) MAPK link (PMID 18952607) RASSF3 intronic 283349 Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 3; cancer member 3; cancer link (OMIM 607019) link (OMIM 607019) RBFOX1 intronic 54715 Several neurological links, such as PMID Several neurological links, such as PMID 21623373; Ataxin-2 21623373; Ataxin-2 binding protein 1 has an binding protein 1 has an RNP motif that is highly conserved RNP motif that is highly conserved among among RNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the C- RNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the terminus of ataxin-2 and may contribute to the restricted pathology C-terminus of ataxin-2 and may contribute to the of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). PD-specific CNVs also restricted pathology of spinocerebellar ataxia found in CAMTA1 (Regulated by RBFOX1 in mouse, see PMID type 2 (SCA2). PD-specific CNVs also found in 21623373) CAMTA1 (Regulated by RBFOX1 in mouse, see PMID 21623373) RBM25 intronic 58517 RNA binding motif protein 25; splicing cofactor RNA binding motif protein 25; splicing cofactor (PMID (PMID 18663000) 18663000) RBM27 both 54439 RNA binding motif protein 27; limited gene RNA binding motif protein 27; limited gene information information RELL1 exonic 768211 Limited gene info; RELT-like 1 (OMIM Limited gene info; RELT-like 1 (OMIM 611212); role in 611212); role in oxidative stress, see PMID oxidative stress, see PMID 16389068: Identification of RELT 16389068: Identification of RELT homologues homologues that associate with RELT and are phosphorylated by that associate with RELT and are OSR1. phosphorylated by OSR1. RGS6 intronic 9628 PMID 12140291: RGS6 interacts with SCG10 PMID 12140291: RGS6 interacts with SCG10 and promotes and promotes neuronal differentiation. Role of neuronal differentiation. Role of the G gamma subunit-like (GGL) the G gamma subunit-like (GGL) domain of domain of RGS6; PD-specific CNVs inRGS7 RGS6; PD-specific CNVs inRGS7 RGS7 exonic 6000 RGS7 has neurological links and MIR3123 RGS7 has neurological links and MIR3123 overlap this gene; see overlap this gene; see also GPR20 entry (PMID also GPR20 entry (PMID 21343290: Gi/o signaling and the 21343290: Gi/o signaling and the palmitoyltransferase DHHC2 regulate palmitate cycling and palmitoyltransferase DHHC2 regulate palmitate shuttling of RGS7 family-binding protein); 2 PubMed refs for cycling and shuttling of RGS7 family-binding “regulator of G-protein signaling 7 AND Parkinson′s”: RGS9 protein); 2 PubMed refs for “regulator of G- direct PD link, PMID 15728856:D2 dopamine receptors colocalize protein signaling 7 AND Parkinson′s”: RGS9 regulator of G-protein signaling 9-2 (RGS9-2) via the RGS9 DEP direct PD link, PMID 15728856: D2 dopamine domain, and RGS9 knock-out mice develop dyskinesias associated receptors colocalize regulator of G-protein with dopamine pathways and PMID 21323908: Cannabinoid signaling 9-2 (RGS9-2) via the RGS9 DEP receptor signalling in neurodegenerative diseases: a potential role domain, and RGS9 knock-out mice develop for membrane fluidity disturbance; PD-specific CNVs in RGS6 dyskinesias associated with dopamine pathways and PMID 21323908: Cannabinoid receptor signalling in neurodegenerative diseases: a potential role for membrane fluidity disturbance; PD-specific CNVs in RGS6 RIMS1 intronic 22999 regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 1; regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 1; Aceview summary: Aceview summary: “The protein encoded by “The protein encoded by this gene is a RAS gene superfamily this gene is a RAS gene superfamily member member that regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis. The encoded that regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis. The protein may be part of the protein scaffold of the cell. Defects in encoded protein may be part of the protein this gene are a cause of cone-rod dystrophy type 7 (CORD7)”; see scaffold of the cell. Defects in this gene are a also review PMID 21922075: Pushing synaptic vesicles over the cause of cone-rod dystrophy type 7 (CORD7)”; RIM; RIMS2 also impacted by CNV-specific CNVs; a PD- see also review PMID 21922075: Pushing specific intronic CNV in 1 PD case has also been found in RIMS2 synaptic vesicles over the RIM; RIMS2 also impacted by CNV-specific CNVs; a PD-specific intronic CNV in 1 PD case has also been found in RIMS2 RNF130 exonic 55819 Protein product for RNF130 is E3 ubiquitin- Protein product for RNF130 is E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase protein ligase RNF130 precursor, which may be RNF130 precursor, which may be analogous to Parkin (PARK2) analogous to Parkin (PARK2) via its via its classification as RBR family member (see review PMID classification as RBR family member (see 15152079) review PMID 15152079) RNF144B both 255488 Gene aliases are Gene aliases are bA528A10.3;IBRDC2;KIAA0161;MGC71786; bA528A10.3;IBRDC2;KIAA0161;MGC71786;p53RFP;PIR2; p53RFP; PIR2; other RNFs in this list and see other RNFs in this list and see review on RBR family (PMID review on RBR family (PMID 15152079); 15152079); PMID 20300062 links RNF144B to BAX and BAX PMID 20300062 links RNF144B to BAX and linked to PD, see PMID 14596892: BAX protein- BAX linked to PD, see PMID 14596892: BAX immunoreactivity in midbrain neurons of Parkinson′s disease protein-immunoreactivity in midbrain neurons patients of Parkinson′s disease patients RNF217 exonic 154214 Other family members (RNF144B and RNF4) Other family members (RNF144B and RNF4) have CNVs have CNVs detected in PD cases only; Ace View detected in PD cases only; AceView indicates it contains IBR indicates it contains IBR protein domain, which protein domain, which is found in: ANKIB1, ARIH1, ARIH2, is found in: ANKIB1, ARIH1, ARIH2, CUL9, CUL9, FBXO43, PARK2, RNF14, RNF19A, RNF19B, FBXO43, PARK2, RNF14, RNF19A, RNF19B, RNF144A, RNF144B, RNF217 RNF144A, RNF144B, RNF217 RNF4 exonic 6047 OMIM 602850, indicates RNF4 is a SUMO- OMIM 602850, indicates RNF4 is a SUMO-specific E3 ubiquitin specific E3 ubiquitin ligase; PMID 20696907 ligase; PMID 20696907 abstract also indicates that RNF4 ″may abstract also indicates that RNF4 “may serve as serve as a direct link between epigenetic DNA demethylation and a direct link between epigenetic DNA DNA repair in mammalian cells″ demethylation and DNA repair in mammalian cells” RNPC3 exonic 55599 Aceview lists this complex region as a single Aceview lists this complex region as a single gene gene (RNPC3andAMY2B); RNA-binding (RNPC3andAMY2B); RNA-binding region (RNP1, RRM) region (RNP1, RRM) containing 3 containing 3 ROCK1 exonic 6093 Amyloid link, see PMID 14615541: Zhou et al. Amyloid link, see PMID 14615541: Zhou et al. (2003) concluded (2003) concluded that the Rho-Rock pathway that the Rho-Rock pathway may regulate amyloid precursor may regulate amyloid precursor protein protein processing, and a subset of NSAIDs can reduce A-beta(42) processing, and a subset of NSAIDs can reduce through inhibition of Rho activity; see SGK1, which has CNV A-beta(42) through inhibition of Rho activity; occuring in 7 of 87 PD cases and 0 of 1005 Normals, ROCK1 see SGK1, which has CNV occuring in 7 of 87 shows up in same therapeutics patents directed at kinases PD cases and 0 of 1005 Normals, ROCK1 shows up in same therapeutics patents directed at kinases RORA intronic 6095 RAR-related orphan receptor A; limited gene RAR-related orphan receptor A; limited gene information, but see information, but see OMIM (600825) indicates OMIM (600825) indicates RORA maps to locus in mouse RORA maps to locus in mouse ′staggerer′ mouse ‘staggerer’ mouse model(PMID 13912552), which has phenotype: model(PMID 13912552), which has phenotype: ‘The “staggerer” mutant is recognized by its staggering gait, mild ‘The “staggerer” mutant is recognized by its tremor, hypotonia, and small size. Symptoms develop during staggering gait, mild tremor, hypotonia, and postnatal weeks 1 to 4 and remain stationary thereafter. The small size. Symptoms develop during postnatal cerebellar cortex is grossly underdeveloped, with too few granule weeks 1 to 4 and remain stationary thereafter. cells and unaligned Purkinje cells.’ The cerebellar cortex is grossly underdeveloped, with too few granule cells and unaligned Purkinje cells.’ RPL35A exonic 6165 ribosomal protein L35a, limited gene ribosomal protein L35a, limited gene information but see PMID information but see PMID 20378560, Mutations 20378560, Mutations in the ribosomal protein genes in Japanese in the ribosomal protein genes in Japanese patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia; OMIM 612528 patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia; OMIM 612528 RPS24 exonic 6229 This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the component of the 40S subunit. The protein 40S subunit. The protein belongs to the S24E family of ribosomal belongs to the S24E family of ribosomal proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. Multiple transcript variants proteins. It is located in the cytoplasm. Multiple encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. As is transcript variants encoding different isoforms typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple have been found for this gene. As is typical for processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are Mutations in this gene result in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene dispersed through the genome. Mutations in this gene result in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. RPS6KC1 intronic 26750 Gene aliases humS6PKh1 and RPK118; link to Gene aliases humS6PKh1 and RPK118; link to PD, RPS6KC1 PD, RPS6KC1 interacts with PRDX3 (PMID interacts with PRDX3 (PMID 15750338) which interacts with 15750338) which interacts with LRRK2 (PMID LRRK2 (PMID 21850687) 21850687) RTTN both 25914 rotatin; limited gene information, see PMIDs rotatin; limited gene information, see PMIDs 11900971 and 11900971 and 17551791, “Embryos deficient in 17551791, “Embryos deficient in rotatin show also randomized rotatin show also randomized heart looping and heart looping and delayed neural tube closure, and fail to undergo delayed neural tube closure, and fail to undergo the critical morphogenetic step of axial rotation” the critical morphogenetic step of axial rotation” SCAMP1 intronic 9522 This gene product belongs to the SCAMP family This gene product belongs to the SCAMP family of proteins of proteins which are secretory carrier which are secretory carrier membrane proteins. They function as membrane proteins. They function as carriers to carriers to the cell surface in post-golgi recycling pathways. the cell surface in post-golgi recycling pathways. SENP5 both 205564 SENP5 involved in mitochondrial defect SENP5 involved in mitochondrial defect (PMIDs 17102611, (PMIDs 17102611, 17341580, 20131004) which 17341580, 20131004) which is PARK2 and PINK1 mechanism is PARK2 and PINK1 mechanism SEPT14 exonic 346288 PD link, PMID 20236126: “Expression changes PD link, PMID 20236126: “Expression changes in septins have in septins have also been associated with also been associated with neurological conditions such as neurological conditions such as Alzheimer′s and Alzheimer′s and Parkinson′s disease, as well as retinopathies, Parkinson′s disease, as well as retinopathies, hepatitis C, spermatogenesis and Listeria infection. Pathogenic hepatitis C, spermatogenesis and Listeria mutations of SEPT9 were identified in the autosomal dominant infection. Pathogenic mutations of SEPT9 were neurological disorder hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA)”; identified in the autosomal dominant see also PMID 18951507, “Expression of Lewy body protein neurological disorder hereditary neuralgic septin 4 in postmortem brain of Parkinson′s disease and control amyotrophy (HNA)”; see also PMID 18951507, subjects”; PMID 19378812: “Functions of the septin cytoskeleton “Expression of Lewy body protein septin 4 in and its roles in dopaminergic neurotransmission”; PMID postmortem brain of Parkinson′s disease and 20181826: “Septin 14 is involved in cortical neuronal migration control subjects”; PMID 19378812: “Functions via interaction with Septin 4”; 15 PubMed refs for “septin AND of the septin cytoskeleton and its roles in Parkinson′s” including PMIDs 18541383, 19378812. dopaminergic neuro transmission”; PMID 20181826: “Septin 14 is involved in cortical neuronal migration via interaction with Septin 4”; 15 PubMed refs for “septin AND Parkinson′s” including PMIDs 18541383, 19378812. SFRP1 exonic 6422 Many cancer citations but neurological citation Many cancer citations but neurological citation too, sucha as too, suchaasPMID 16172602: SFRP1 regulates PMID 16172602: SFRP1 regulates the growth of retinal ganglion the growth of retinal ganglion cell axons through cell axons through the Fz2 receptor; SFRP1 involved in WNT the Fz2 receptor; SFRP1 involved in WNT signaling, 13 citations for “wnt signaling” AND parkinson′s’ and signaling, 13 citations for ‘“wnt signaling” AND also mentioned in abstract for PD gene VPS35, PMID 21763482 parkinson′s’ and also mentioned in abstract for PD gene VPS35, PMID 21763482 SGK1 exonic 6446 3 PubMed for “SGK1 AND parkinson′s” for 3 PubMed for “SGK1 AND parkinson′s” for PMIDs 15673431, PMIDs 15673431, 16125969, 20530112; many 16125969, 20530112; many patents with SGK1 as kinase target, patents with SGK1 as kinase target, along with along with ROCK1 (1 PD case has ROCK1 CNV) ROCK1 (1 PD case has ROCK1 CNV) SHMT2 exonic 6472 Potential role in mitochondrial Potential role in mitochondrial integrity/dysfunction, see PMID integrity/dysfunction, see PMID 21876188, 21876188, abstract states: “De novo thymidylate synthesis activity abstract states: “De novo thymidylate synthesis was diminished in mitochondria isolated from glyA CHO cells activity was diminished in mitochondria isolated that lack SHMT2 activity√¢,ç^(··)¬¶″ from glyA CHO cells that lack SHMT2 activity√¢,ç^(··)¬¶″ SLC25A24 both 29957 nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 2; transcript variant 2; potential PD via mito potential PD via mito function function SLC38A6 both 145389 Limited gene information; expessed in brain Limited gene information; expessed in brain (PMID 18418736) (PMID 18418736) SLC39A8 exonic 64116 This gene encodes a member of the SLC39 This gene encodes a member of the SLC39 family of solute-carrier family of solute-carrier genes, which show genes, which show structural characteristics of zinc transporters. structural characteristics of zinc transporters. The encoded protein is glycosylated and found in the plasma The encoded protein is glycosylated and found membrane and mitochondria, and functions in the cellular import in the plasma membrane and mitochondria, and of zinc at the onset of inflammation. It is also thought to be the functions in the cellular import of zinc at the primary transporter of the toxic cation cadmium, which is found in onset of inflammation. It is also thought to be cigarette smoke. Multiple transcript variants encoding different the primary transporter of the toxic cation isoforms have been found for this gene. Additional alternatively cadmium, which is found in cigarette smoke. spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but Multiple transcript variants encoding different their full-length nature is not known. isoforms have been found for this gene. Additional alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known. SLC3A1 exonic 6519 This gene encodes a type II membrane This gene encodes a type II membrane glycoprotein which is one glycoprotein which is one of the components of of the components of the renal amino acid transporter which the renal amino acid transporter which transports transports neutral and basic amino acids in the renal tubule and neutral and basic amino acids in the renal tubule intestinal tract. Mutations and deletions in this gene are associated and intestinal tract. Mutations and deletions in with cystinuria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been this gene are associated with cystinuria. described, but their biological validity has not been determined. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but their biological validity has not been determined. SLC9B1 exonic 150159 The protein encoded by this gene is a The protein encoded by this gene is a sodium/hydrogen exchanger sodium/hydrogen exchanger and transmembrane and transmembrane protein. Highly conserved orthologs of this protein. Highly conserved orthologs of this gene gene have been found in other mammalian species. The expression have been found in other mammalian species. of this gene may be limited to testis. Multiple transcript variants The expression of this gene may be limited to encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. testis. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. SLC9B2 exonic 133308 Sodium hydrogen antiporters, such as NHEDC2, Sodium hydrogen antiporters, such as NHEDC2, convert the convert the proton motive force established by proton motive force established by the respiratory chain or the the respiratory chain or the FIFO mitochondrial FIFO mitochondrial ATPase into sodium gradients that drive other ATPase into sodium gradients that drive other energy-requiring processes, transduce environmental signals into energy-requiring processes, transduce cell responses, or function in drug efflux (Xiang et al., 2007 environmental signals into cell responses, or [PubMed 18000046]). function in drug efflux (Xiang et al., 2007 [PubMed 180000461). SMYD3 exonic 64754 This gene encodes a histone methyltransferase This gene encodes a histone methyltransferase which functions in which functions in RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase II complexes by an interaction with a specific complexes by an interaction with a specific RNA helicase. Multiple transcript variants encoding different RNA helicase. Multiple transcript variants isoforms have been found for this gene. encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. SPAG16 both 79582 sperm associated antigen 16; limited gene sperm associated antigen 16; limited gene information information SPATA31A1 exonic 647060 No gene information SPATA31 subfamily A, member 1 (SPATA31A1) SPATA31A2 exonic 642265 No gene information SPATA31 subfamily A, member 2 (SPATA31A2) SPATA31A3 exonic 727830 No gene information SPATA31 subfamily A, member 3 (SPATA31A3) SPATA31A4 exonic 642629 No gene information SPATA31 subfamily A, member 4 (SPATA31A4) SPATA31A5 exonic 727905 No gene information SPATA31 subfamily A, member 5 (SPATA31A5) SPATA31A6 exonic 389730 No gene information SPATA31 subfamily A, member 6 (SPATA31A6) SPATA31A7 exonic 26165 No gene information SPATA31 subfamily A, member 7 (SPATA31A7) SPON1 intronic 10418 spondin 1, extracellular matrix protein; AD link, spondin l, extracellular matrix protein; AD link, see PMID see PMID 14983046: Binding of F-spondinto 14983046: Binding of F-spondinto amyloid-beta precursor amyloid-beta precursor protein: a candidate protein: a candidate amyloid-beta precursor protein ligand that amyloid-beta precursor protein ligand that modulates amyloid-beta precursor protein cleavage; neuro link, modulates amyloid-beta precursor protein see PMID 21145970: F-spondin regulates neuronal survival cleavage; neuro link, see PMID 21145970: F- through activation of disabled-1 in the chicken ciliary ganglion spondin regulates neuronal survival through activation of disabled-1 in the chicken ciliary ganglion SRF exonic 6722 SRF linked to FXN; downstream target of SRF linked to FXN; downstream target of MAPK pathway; also, MAPK pathway; also, SRF linked to PD via SRF linked to PD via Rho GTPase, see PMID 21699982: Rho Rho GTPase, see PMID 21699982: Rho GTPase GTPase regulation of √e′¬±-synuclein and VMAT2: Implications regulation of √e′¬±-synuclein and VMAT2: for pathogenesis of Parkinson′s disease Implications for pathogenesis of Parkinson′s disease SRGAP2 exonic 23380 Neurological funtion, see PMID 19737524: The Neurological funtion, see PMID 19737524: The F-BAR domain of F-BAR domain of srGAP2 induces membrane srGAP2 induces membrane protrusions required for neuronal protrusions required for neuronal migration and migration and morphogenesis morphogenesis STAU2 both 27067 Neurological links, see PMIDs 20596529, Neurological links, see PMIDs 20596529, 21508097, 21635779; 21508097, 21635779; MAPK link, see PMIDs MAPK link, see PMIDs 16418534 and 17587311 16418534 and 17587311 STK31 intronic 56164 serine/threonine kinase 31; gene is similar to a serine/threonine kinase 31; gene is similar to a mouse gene that mouse gene that encodes a putative protein encodes a putative protein kinase with a tudor domain, and shows kinase with a tudor domain, and shows testis- testis-specific expression specific expression STRA6 exonic 64220 See PMID 19309693: Phenotypic spectrum of See PMID 19309693: Phenotypic spectmm of STRA6 mutations STRA6 mutations (OMIM 610745): from (OMIM 610745): from Matthew-Wood syndrome to non-lethal Matthew-Wood syndrome to non-lethal anophthalmia; retinol link to PD: PMID 17592014, Retinoic acid anophthalmia; retinol link to PD: PMID counteracts developmental defects in the substantia nigra caused 17592014, Retinoic acid counteracts by Pitx3 deficiency; PMID 15359008: Retinoic acid signaling in developmental defects in the substantia nigra the nervous system of adult vertebrates; PMID 21695257, caused by Pitx3 deficiency; PMID 15359008: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 modulates retinoic acid-induced Retinoic acid signaling in the nervous system of neuronal differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells; AD Rx adult vertebrates; PMID 21695257, Leucine-rich link (STRA6 binds RBP4), PMID 17001693: Retinoid receptors, repeat kinase 2 modulates retinoic acid-induced transporters, and metabolizers as therapeutic targets in late onset neuronal differentiation of murine embryonic Alzheimer disease. stem cells; AD Rx link (STRA6 binds RBP4), PMID 17001693: Retinoid receptors, transporters, and metabolizers as therapeutic targets in late onset Alzheimer disease. STX8 intronic 9482 syntaxin 8, protein is involved in protein syntaxin 8, protein is involved in protein trafficking from early to trafficking from early to late endosomes via late endosomes via vesicle fusion and exocytosis; PD link for vesicle fusion and exocytosis; PD link for syntaxin in Drosophila model (PMID 17456438) and involved in syntaxin in Drosophila model (PMID 17456438) formation of SNARE (PMID 20489724), see also OMIM 604203 and involved in formation of SNARE (PMID 20489724), see also OMIM 604203 STXBP5L intronic 9515 syntaxin binding protein 5-like, limited gene syntaxin binding protein 5-like, limited gene information information SYT1 intronic 6857 synaptotagmin 1; PD link, see PMIDs synaptotagmin I; PD link, see PMIDs 21576241,16111820, 21576241,16111820, 15033168 15033168 TAAR1 exonic 134864 PD link, for example PMID 18083911: Trace PD link, for example PMID 18083911: Trace amine-associated amine-associated receptor 1 modulates receptor 1 modulates dopaminergic activity; see also PMIDs dopaminergic activity; see also PMIDs 21670104, 18585080, 20976142, 16584120; numerous patent 21670104,18585080, 20976142, 16584120; filings mention TAAR1 (e.g., BrainCells Inc. and Roche); see also numerous patent filings mention TAAR1 (e.g., PMID 18083911: Trace amine-associated receptor 1 modulates BrainCells Inc. and Roche); see also PMID dopaminergic activity; link to DRD5 18083911: Trace amine-associated receptor 1 modulates dopaminergic activity; link to DRD5 TACR3 exonic 6870 Gene aliases are neurokinin B, NK-3R, NK3R, Gene aliases are neurokinin B, NK-3R, NK3R, NKR, TAC3RL; 5 NKR, TAC3RL; 5 citations for PubMed search citations for PubMed search “neuromedin-K receptor AND “neuromedin-K receptor AND parkinson′s” parkinson′s” AND 95 U.S.PTO appl. and 80 issued patents for AND 95 U.S.PTO appl. and 80 issued patents for “neurokinin 3 receptor” as it is a drug target by several pharma; “neurokinin 3 receptor” as it is a drug target by role inPD forTAC3/TACR3, see PMID 184237765: Neurokinin several pharma; role in PD for TAC3/TACR3, B/NK3 receptors exert feedback inhibition on L-DOPA actions in see PMID 184237765: Neurokinin B/NK3 the 6-OHDA lesion rat model of Parkinson′s disease; see also receptors exert feedback inhibition on L-DOPA PMIDsl8021294, 8574643; TACR3′s neuropeptide ligand (TAC3, actions in the 6-OHDA lesion rat model of NKB, neurokinin B) also linked to preeclampsia (PMID Parkinson′s disease; see also PMIDs18021294, 10866201) 8574643; TACR3′s neuropeptide ligand (TAC3, NKB, neurokinin B) also linked to preeclampsia (PMID 10866201) TAMM41 exonic 132001 No gene information No gene information TARS exonic 6897 Gene product is threonyl-tRNA synthetase; 8 Gene product is threonyl-tRNA synthetase; 8 citations for PubMed citations for PubMed search ‘“trna synthetase” search ‘“trna synthetase” AND parkinson′s’, such as PMID AND parkinson′s’, such as PMID 16135753: 16135753: Accumulation of the authentic parkin substrate Accumulation of the authentic parkin substrate aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase cofactor, p38/JTV-l, leads to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase cofactor, p38/JTV- catecholaminergic cell death; 1, leads to catecholaminergic cell death; TBCE exonic 6905 Cofactor E is one of four proteins (cofactors A, Cofactor E is one of four proteins (cofactors A, D, E, and C) D, E, and C) involved in the pathway leading to involved in the pathway leading to correctly folded beta-tubulin correctly folded beta-tubulin from folding from folding intermediates. Cofactors A and D are believed to intermediates. Cofactors A and D are believed to play a role in capturing and stabilizing beta-tubulin intermediates play a role in capturing and stabilizing beta- in a quasi-native confirmation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor tubulin intermediates in a quasi-native D/beta-tubulin complex; interaction with cofactor C then causes confirmation. Cofactor E binds to the cofactor the release of beta-tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the D/beta-tubulin complex; interaction with native state. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein cofactor C then causes the release of beta- have been found for this gene. tubulin polypeptides that are committed to the native state. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. TBK1 exonic 29110 TBK1 binds TRAF3 (PMID 17327220); TBK1 TBK1 binds TRAF3 (PMID 17327220); TBK1 also linked to also linked to AKT and mTOR (21464307, also AKT and mTOR (21464307, also PMID 19622833: Inhibition of PMID 19622833: Inhibition of mTOR signaling mTOR signaling in Parkinson′s disease prevents L-DOPA-induced in Parkinson′s disease prevents L-DOPA- dyskinesia) and long-established role in NFKB activation (PMID induced dyskinesia) and long-established role in 10581243, signaling complex contains TRAF2, TANK, TBK1); NFKB activation (PMID 10581243, signaling TBK1 also linked to cullin (see FBXO18 entry for details on complex contains TRAF2, TANK, TBK1); cullin) and IFN, see PMID 17015689: Involvement of the IkappaB TBK1 also linked to cullin (see FBXO18 entry kinase (IKK)-related kinases tank-binding kinase 1/IKKi and for details on cullin) and IFN, see PMID cullin-based ubiquitin ligases in IFN regulatory factor-3 17015689: Involvement of the IkappaB kinase degradation AND link between PD and IFN-gamma, see PMID (IKK)-related kinases tank-binding kinase 21572432: Interferon-√e′¬ ≥ induces progressive nigrostriatal 1/IKKi and cullin-based ubiquitin ligases in IFN degeneration and basal ganglia calcification; PMID 21482445: regulatory factor-3 degradation AND link Interferon-√e′¬ ≥ plays a role in paraquat-induced between PD and IFN-gamma, see PMID neurodegeneration involving oxidative and proinflammatory 21572432: Interferon-√e′¬ ≥ induces progressive pathways; potential link between PD and MS, PMID 21881474: A nigrostriatal degeneration and basal ganglia coincidental case of young-onset Parkinson disease and multiple calcification; PMID 21482445: Interferon-√e′¬ ≥ sclerosis AND PMID 21870889: Targeting progressive plays a role in paraquat-induced neuroaxonal injury: lessons from multiple sclerosis; XPOT may neurodegeneration involving oxidative and also contribute to pathology (loss-of-function) as the CNV proinflammatory pathways; potential link impacting TBK1 also impacts XPOT between PD and MS, PMID 21881474: A coincidental case of young-onset Parkinson disease and multiple sclerosis AND PMID 21870889: Targeting progressive neuroaxonal injury: lessons from multiple sclerosis; XPOT may also contribute to pathology (loss-of- function) as the CNV impacting TBK1 also impacts XPOT TFB2M exonic 64216 No gene information No gene information TMEM117 intronic 84216 transmembrane protein 117; limited gene transmembrane protein 117; limited gene information information TMEM52 exonic 339456 transmembrane protein 52 transmembrane protein 52 TNFRSF1A intronic 7132 tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A, and is member 1A, and is linked to several diseases linked to several diseases including MS; general TNF superfamily including MS; general TNF superfamily link to link to PD, e.g., see PMID 21728035: Tumor Necrosis Factor- PD, e.g., see PMID 21728035: Tumor Necrosis alpha and the Roles it Plays in Homeostatic and Degenerative Factor-alpha and the Roles it Plays in Processes Within the Central Nervous System; TRAF genes also Homeostatic and Degenerative Processes Within contain PD-specific CNVs the Central Nervous System; TRAF genes also contain PD-specific CNVs TPTE2P3 exonic 220115 gene is listed as pseudogene; transmembrane gene is listed as pseudogene; transmembrane phosphoinositide 3- phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase andtensin phosphatase and tensin homolog 2 pseudogene 3; limited homolog 2 pseudogene 3; limited information, information, AceView indicates it contains a C2 domain of PTEN Ace View indicates it contains a C2 domain of tumour-suppressor protein PTEN tumour-suppressor protein TRAF3 exonic 7187 TRAF3 binds TBK1 (PMID 17327220); see TRAF3 binds TBK1 (PMID 17327220); see review, PMID review, PMID 21660053: Expanding TRAF 21660053: Expanding TRAF function: TRAF3 as a tri-faced function: TRAF3 as a tri-faced immune immune regulator; see also PMID 18040839 regulator; see also PMID 18040839 TRIQK both 286144 No gene information No gene information TRPM4 exonic 54795 PD link, see PMID 21486760: “ICAN is likely PD link, see PMID 21486760: “ICAN is likely to be mediated by a to be mediated by a transient receptor potential transient receptor potential (TRP) channel, and RT-PCR was used (TRP) channel, and RT-PCR was used to to confirm expression of TRPM2 and TRPM4 mRNA in confirm expression of TRPM2 and TRPM4 substantia nigra pars compacta. We propose that ICAN is mRNA in substantia nigra pars compacta. We selectively activated during burst firing to boost NMDA currents propose that ICAN is selectively activated and allow plateau potentials. This boost mechanism may render during burst firing to boost NMDA currents and DA cells vulnerable to excitotoxicity.”; see also PMID 17585083: allow plateau potentials. This boost mechanism Central role of TRPM4 channels in cerebral blood flow may render DA cells vulnerable to regulation.; see also reviews PMID 21804597: Transient receptor excitotoxicity.”; see also PMID 17585083: potential channels as therapeutic targets and PMID 15194117: Central role of TRPM4 channels in cerebral TRP ion channels in the nervous system. blood flow regulation.; see also reviews PMID 21804597: Transient receptor potential channels as therapeutic targets and PMID 15194117: TRP ion channels in the nervous system. TSHZ2 intronic 128553 teashirt zinc finger homeobox 2; AD link (PMID teashirt zinc finger homeobox 2; AD link (PMID 19343227): 19343227): FE65 binds Teashirt, inhibiting FE65 binds Teashirt, inhibiting expression of the primate-specific expression of the primate-specific caspase-4 caspase-4 [APP binds FE65] [APP binds FE651 TSPYL6 exonic 388951 No gene information No gene information UBE2D3 exonic 7323 PD link, see PMID 20051513: Lysine 63-linked PD link, see PMID 20051513: Lysine 63-linked polyubiquitination of the dopamine transporter polyubiquitination of the dopamine transporter requires WW3 and requires WW3 and WW4 domains of Nedd4-2 WW4 domains of Nedd4-2 and UBE2D ubiquitin-conjugating and UBE2D ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes enzymes ULK1 exonic 8408 PMID 11146101 (mouse homolog): Interaction PMID 11146101 (mouse homolog): Interaction of the Unc-51-like of the Unc-51-like kinase and microtubule- kinase and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 related associated protein light chain 3 related proteins proteins in the brain: possible role of vesicular transport in axonal in the brain: possible role of vesicular transport elongation and PMID 1501404512: Role ofUnc51.1 and its in axonal elongation and PMID 1501404512: binding partners in CNS axon outgrowth, in this review, 2 binding Role of Unc51.1 and its binding partners in CNS partners of ULK1 are cited (SYNGAPI and SDCBP), and via axon outgrowth, in this review, 2 binding AceView, link to LRRK2: partners of ULK1 are cited (SYNGAPI and http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/IEB/Research/Acembly/ SDCBP), and via AceView, link to LRRK2: av.cgi?db=human&term=syngap1&submit=Go http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/Research/Ace mbly/av.cgi?db=human&term=syngapl&submit=Go U.S.P14 exonic 9097 Link to PD and AD, from RefSeq description: Link to PD and AD, from RefSeq description: “Mice with a “Mice with a mutation that results in reduced mutation that results in reduced expression of the ortholog of this expression of the ortholog of this protein are protein are retarded for growth, develop severe tremors by 2 to 3 retarded for growth, develop severe tremors by 2 weeks of age followed by hindlimb paralysis and death by 6 to 10 to 3 weeks of age followed by hindlimb weeks of age”; see also PMID 19726649: The proteasome- paralysis and death by 6 to 10 weeks of age”; associated deubiquitinating enzyme Usp14 is essential for the see also PMID 19726649: The proteasome- maintenance of synaptic ubiquitin levels and the development of associated deubiquitinating enzyme Usp14 is neuromuscular junctions essential for the maintenance of synaptic ubiquitin levels and the development of neuromuscular junctions VGLL4 both 9686 vestigial like 4 (Drosophila) (protein: vestigial like 4 (Drosophila) (protein: transcription cofactor transcription cofactor vestigial-like protein 4; vestigial-like protein 4; PMID 15140898), gene information PMID 15140898), gene information limited but limited but linked to PD via its role in VEGFA expression (PMID linked to PD via its role in VEGFA expression 20702774); in 1 PD case, CNV also impacts all of C3orf31 (gene (PMID 20702774); in 1 PD case, CNV also product is MMP37-like protein mitochondrial precursor) impacts all of C3orf31 (gene product is MMP37-like protein mitochondrial precursor) VIMP exonic 55829 Selenoprotein with PD link, PMIDs 21456042, Selenoprotein with PD link, PMIDs 21456042, 20880505, and 20880505, and 19146923, which is linked to DJ- 19146923, which is linked to DJ-1: Post-transcriptional regulation 1: Post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA of mRNA associated with DJ-1 in sporadic Parkinson disease; associated with DJ-1 in sporadic Parkinson AND SELS interacts with ATXN3, which is linked to PARK2, see disease; AND SELS interacts with ATXN3, PMID 20940148: The Machado-Joseph disease-associated mutant which is linked to PARK2, see PMID 20940148: form of ataxin-3 regulates parkin ubiquitination and stability. The Machado-Joseph disease-associated mutant form of ataxin-3 regulates parkin ubiquitination and stability. VPREB1 exonic 7441 pre-B lymphocyte 1; linked to RA (PMID pre-B lymphocyte 1; linked to RA (PMID 21144590) 21144590) WBSCR17 intronic 64409 Williams Syndrome gene; for gene function see Williams Syndrome gene; for gene function see PMID 15744064: PMID 15744064: Cloning and expression of a Cloning and expression of a brain-specific putative UDP-GalNAc: brain-specific putative UDP-GalNAc: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase gene polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase gene WDR11 exonic 55717 Limited gene information; cancer (OMIM Limited gene information; cancer (OMIM 606417) 606417) WLS intronic 79971 wntless homolog (Drosophila), OMIM 611514 wntless homolog (Drosophila), OMIM 611514 XKR4 intronic 114786 Via Aceview, InterPro annotation: “Members of Via Aceview, InterPro annotation: “Members of this family this family comprise various XK-related comprise various XK-related proteins, that are involved in proteins, that are involved in sodium-dependent sodium-dependent transport of neutral amino acids or transport of neutral amino acids or oligopeptides. These proteins are responsible for the Kx blood oligopeptides. These proteins are responsible for group system-defects results in McLeod syndrome the Kx blood group system-defects results in [MIM:314850], an X-linked multi-system disorder characterised McLeod syndrome [MIM:314850], anX-linked by late onset abnormalities in the neuromuscular and multi-system disorder characterised by late onset hematopoietic systems.” abnormalities in the neuromuscular and hematopoietic systems.” XPOT exonic 11260 This gene encodes a protein belonging to the This gene encodes a protein belonging to the RAN-GTPase RAN-GTPase exportin family that mediates exportin family that mediates export of tRNA from the nucleus to export of tRNA from the nucleus to the the cytoplasm. Translocation of tRNA to the cytoplasm occurs cytoplasm. Translocation of tRNA to the once exportin has bound both tRNA and GTP-bound RAN. cytoplasm occurs once exportin has bound both tRNA and GTP-bound RAN. ZBTB20 exonic 26137 Neurological links, such as PMIDs 17301088: Neurological links, such as PMIDs 17301088: Hippocampus-like Hippocampus-like corticoneurogenesis induced corticoneurogenesis induced by two isoforms of the BTB-zinc by two isoforms of the BTB-zinc finger gene finger gene Zbtb20 in mice; PMID 19955470: Zbtb20-induced Zbtb20 in mice; PMID 19955470: Zbtb20- CAI pyramidal neuron development and area enlargement in the induced CAI pyramidal neuron development cerebral midline cortex of mice and area enlargement in the cerebral midline cortex of mice ZC3H6 intronic 376940 zinc finger CCCH-type containing 6, limited zinc finger CCCH-type containing 6, limited gene information gene information ZFHX3 exonic 463 Gene alias is ATBF1; neurological links (PMID Gene alias is ATBF1; neurological links (PMID 20876357, 20876357, 16251211) andPD links (PMIDs 16251211) andPD links (PMIDs 7908247, 7881757, 15837137); 7908247, 7881757, 15837137); associated with associated with atrial fibrillation (PMID 19597492, 19597491 are atrial fibrillation (PMID 19597492, 19597491 GWAS); also many cancer refs; PMID 20876357: The ZFHX3 are GWAS); also many cancer refs; PMID (ATBF1) transcription factor induces PDGFRB, which activates 20876357: The ZFHX3 (ATBF1) transcription ATM in the cytoplasm to protect cerebellar neurons from factor induces PDGFRB, which activates ATM oxidative stress; and role for family member PDGF-CC, PMID in the cytoplasm to protect cerebellar neurons 20231377: Survival effect of PDGF-CC rescues neurons from from oxidative stress; and role for family apoptosis in both brain and retina by regulating GSK3beta member PDGF-CC, PMID 20231377: Survival phosphorylation effect of PDGF-CC rescues neurons from apoptosis in both brain and retina by regulating GSK3beta phosphorylation ZNF280A exonic 129025 zinc finger protein 280A This gene was predicted both by automated computational analysis and by similarity to a Drosophila gene and to predicted genes in other species (sheep, chimp, dog, cow). The predicted protein of this gene is similar to Drosophila suppressor of hairy wing protein, a leucine zipper protein which represses the function of transcriptional enhancers of the gypsy retrotransposon. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. ##RefSeq-Attributes-START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: BC053901.1, BG473533.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## ZNF280B exonic 140883 zinc finger protein 280B This gene was identified by homology to other species. Its encoded protein is approximately 78-88% identical to a predicted sheep protein of unknown function. The protein is also approximately 25% identical to the Drosophila protein suppressor of hairy wing, which is a leucine zipper protein that represses the function of transcriptional enhancers of the gypsy retrotransposon. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. Sequence Note: This RefSeq record was created from transcript and genomic sequence data because no single transcript was available for the full length of the gene. The extent of this transcript is supported by transcript alignments. ##RefSeq-Attributes-START## Transcript_exon_combination_evidence :: AK097608.1, BQ219363.1 [ECO:0000332] ##RefSeq-Attributes-END## ZNF317 exonic 57693 zinc finger protein 317, limited gene information zinc finger protein 317, limited gene information ZNF396 both 252884 Limited gene information; see PMID 12801647 Limited gene information; see PMID 12801647 ZNF585B intronic 92285 zinc finger protein 585B, no gene information zinc finger protein 585B, no gene information ZNF624 intronic 57547 zinc finger protein 624; limited gene information zinc finger protein 624; limited gene information ZNF658 exonic 26149 zinc finger protein 658 No gene information ZNF658B exonic 401509 No gene information zinc finger protein 658B, pseudogene (ZNF658B) ZNF707 exonic 286075 zinc finger protein 707; limited gene information zinc finger protein 707; limited gene information ZNHIT1 exonic 10467 No gene information No gene information

TABLE 4 RefSeq CNV RefSeq Gene Gene Accession Symbol Region SEQ ID Number RefSeq Gene Description/Definition ATRNL1 intronic SEQ ID 383 NM_207303 Homo sapiens attractin-like 1 (ATRNL1), mRNA. CNTNAP2 intronic SEQ ID 384 NM_014141 Homo sapiens contactin associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2), mRNA. MIR548T intronic SEQ ID 385 NR_036093 Homo sapiens microRNA 548t (MIR548T), microRNA. ZC3H6 intronic SEQ ID 386 NM_198581 Homo sapiens zinc finger CCCH-type containing 6 (ZC3H6), mRNA. DCC intronic SEQ ID 387 NM_005215 Homo sapiens deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC), mRNA. C20orf26 both SEQ ID 388 NM_001167816 Homo sapiens chromosome 20 open reading frame 26 (C20orf26), transcript variant 2, mRNA. C20orf26 both SEQ ID 389 NM_015585 Homo sapiens chromosome 20 open reading frame 26 (C20orf26), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CRNKL1 both SEQ ID 390 NM_016652 Homo sapiens crooked neck pre-mRNA splicing factor-like 1 (Drosophila) (CRNKL1), mRNA. FGF12 intronic SEQ ID 391 NM_021032 Homo sapiens fibroblast growth factor 12 (FGF12), transcript variant 1, mRNA. FGF12 intronic SEQ ID 392 NM_004113 Homo sapiens fibroblast growth factor 12 (FGF12), transcript variant 2, mRNA. FGF10 exonic SEQ ID 393 NM_004465 Homo sapiens fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), mRNA. LRRIQ3 both SEQ ID 394 NM_001105659 Homo sapiens leucine-rich repeats and IQ motif containing 3 (LRRIQ3), mRNA. SENP5 both SEQ ID 395 NM_152699 Homo sapiens SUMO1/sentrin specific peptidase 5 (SENP5), mRNA. PAK2 exonic SEQ ID 396 NM_002577 Homo sapiens p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 2 (PAK2), mRNA. GADL1 both SEQ ID 397 NM_207359 Homo sapiens glutamate decarboxylase-like 1 (GADL1), mRNA. MGAT4C intronic SEQ ID 398 NM_013244 Homo sapiens mannosyl (alpha-1,3-)-glycoprotein beta-1,4-N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase, isozyme C (putative) (MGAT4C), mRNA. PLCL1 both SEQ ID 399 NM_006226 Homo sapiens phospholipase C-like 1 (PLCL1), mRNA. MTHFD1L both SEQ ID 400 NM_001242767 Homo sapiens methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like (MTHFD1L), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 1, mRNA. MTHFD1L both SEQ ID 401 NM_015440 Homo sapiens methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like (MTHFD1L), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 2, mRNA. MTHFD1L both SEQ ID 402 NM_001242768 Homo sapiens methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like (MTHFD1L), transcript variant 3, mRNA. RNF144B both SEQ ID 403 NM_182757 Homo sapiens ring finger protein 144B (RNF144B), mRNA. FLJ33630 intronic SEQ ID 404 NR_015360 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC644873 (FLJ33630), non-coding RNA. DPP6 intronic SEQ ID 405 NM_001936 Homo sapiens dipeptidyl-peptidase 6 (DPP6), transcript variant 2, mRNA. DPP6 intronic SEQ ID 406 NM_001039350 Homo sapiens dipeptidyl-peptidase 6 (DPP6), transcript variant 3, mRNA. DPP6 intronic SEQ ID 407 NM_130797 Homo sapiens dipeptidyl-peptidase 6 (DPP6), transcript variant 1, mRNA. LRP1 exonic SEQ ID 408 NM_002332 Homo sapiens low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), mRNA. SHMT2 exonic SEQ ID 409 NM_005412 Homo sapiens serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial) (SHMT2), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 1, mRNA. NDUFA4L2 exonic SEQ ID 410 NM_020142 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 4-like 2 (NDUFA4L2), mRNA. SHMT2 exonic SEQ ID 411 NR_029416 Homo sapiens serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial) (SHMT2), transcript variant 7, non-coding RNA. SHMT2 exonic SEQ ID 412 NR_029415 Homo sapiens serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial) (SHMT2), transcript variant 6, non-coding RNA. SHMT2 exonic SEQ ID 413 NM_001166358 Homo sapiens serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial) (SHMT2), transcript variant 4, mRNA. SHMT2 exonic SEQ ID 414 NM_001166357 Homo sapiens serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial) (SHMT2), transcript variant 3, mRNA. SHMT2 exonic SEQ ID 415 NM_001166356 Homo sapiens serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial) (SHMT2), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 2, mRNA. NXPH4 exonic SEQ ID 416 NM_007224 Homo sapiens neurexophilin 4 (NXPH4), mRNA. SHMT2 exonic SEQ ID 417 NM_001166359 Homo sapiens serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial) (SHMT2), transcript variant 5, mRNA. SHMT2 exonic SEQ ID 418 NR_029417 Homo sapiens serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (mitochondrial) (SHMT2), transcript variant 8, non-coding RNA. ULK1 exonic SEQ ID 419 NM_003565 Homo sapiens unc-51-like kinase 1 (C. elegans) (ULK1), mRNA. GSTTP2 exonic SEQ ID 420 NR_003082 Homo sapiens glutathione S-transferase theta pseudogene 2 (GSTTP2), non-coding RNA. NLRP4 exonic SEQ ID 421 NM_134444 Homo sapiens NLR family, pyrin domain containing 4 (NLRP4), mRNA. NLRP7 exonic SEQ ID 422 NM_139176 Homo sapiens NLR family, pyrin domain containing 7 (NLRP7), transcript variant 1, mRNA. NLRP7 exonic SEQ ID 423 NM_206828 Homo sapiens NLR family, pyrin domain containing 7 (NLRP7), transcript variant 2, mRNA. NLRP7 exonic SEQ ID 424 NM_001127255 Homo sapiens NLR family, pyrin domain containing 7 (NLRP7), transcript variant 3, mRNA. ALDH1A3 exonic SEQ ID 425 NM_000693 Homo sapiens aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A3 (ALDH1A3), mRNA. RTTN both SEQ ID 426 NM_173630 Homo sapiens rotatin (RTTN), mRNA. RBFOX1 intronic SEQ ID 427 NM_001142333 Homo sapiens RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 1 (RBFOX1), transcript variant 5, mRNA. RBFOX1 intronic SEQ ID 428 NM_018723 Homo sapiens RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 1 (RBFOX1), transcript variant 4, mRNA. RBFOX1 intronic SEQ ID 429 NM_001142334 Homo sapiens RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog (C. elegans) 1 (RBFOX1), transcript variant 6, mRNA. FBXO18 both SEQ ID 430 NM_001258452 Homo sapiens F-box protein, helicase, 18 (FBXO18), transcript variant 3, mRNA. FBXO18 both SEQ ID 431 NM_001258453 Homo sapiens F-box protein, helicase, 18 (FBXO18), transcript variant 4, mRNA. FBXO18 both SEQ ID 432 NM_032807 Homo sapiens F-box protein, helicase, 18 (FBXO18), transcript variant 1, mRNA. FBXO18 both SEQ ID 433 NM_178150 Homo sapiens F-box protein, helicase, 18 (FBXO18), transcript variant 2, mRNA. FBXW11 both SEQ ID 434 NM_012300 Homo sapiens F-box and WD repeat domain containing 11 (FBXW11), transcript variant 3, mRNA. FBXW11 both SEQ ID 435 NM_033645 Homo sapiens F-box and WD repeat domain containing 11 (FBXW11), transcript variant 1, mRNA. FBXW11 both SEQ ID 436 NM_033644 Homo sapiens F-box and WD repeat domain containing 11 (FBXW11), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ERC2 exonic SEQ ID 437 NM_015576 Homo sapiens ELKS/RAB6-interacting/CAST family member 2 (ERC2), mRNA. GABRE exonic SEQ ID 438 NM_004961 Homo sapiens gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, epsilon (GABRE), mRNA. KIF7 exonic SEQ ID 439 NM_198525 Homo sapiens kinesin family member 7 (KIF7), mRNA. JAG2 exonic SEQ ID 440 NM_002226 Homo sapiens jagged 2 (JAG2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. JAG2 exonic SEQ ID 441 NM_145159 Homo sapiens jagged 2 (JAG2), transcript variant 2, mRNA. SRGAP2 exonic SEQ ID 442 NM_015326 Homo sapiens SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2 (SRGAP2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. SRGAP2 exonic SEQ ID 443 NM_001170637 Homo sapiens SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2 (SRGAP2), transcript variant 3, mRNA. SRGAP2 exonic SEQ ID 444 NM_001042758 Homo sapiens SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2 (SRGAP2), transcript variant 2, mRNA. CTSE exonic SEQ ID 445 NM_001910 Homo sapiens cathepsin E (CTSE), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CTSE exonic SEQ ID 446 NM_148964 Homo sapiens cathepsin E (CTSE), transcript variant 2, mRNA. LMLN exonic SEQ ID 447 NR_026786 Homo sapiens leishmanolysin-like (metallopeptidase M8 family) (LMLN), transcript variant 3, non-coding RNA. LMLN exonic SEQ ID 448 NM_001136049 Homo sapiens leishmanolysin-like (metallopeptidase M8 family) (LMLN), transcript variant 1, mRNA. LMLN exonic SEQ ID 449 NR_026787 Homo sapiens leishmanolysin-like (metallopeptidase M8 family) (LMLN), transcript variant 4, non-coding RNA. LMLN exonic SEQ ID 450 NM_033029 Homo sapiens leishmanolysin-like (metallopeptidase M8 family) (LMLN), transcript variant 2, mRNA. LRCH3 exonic SEQ ID 451 NM_032773 Homo sapiens leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology (CH) domain containing 3 (LRCH3), mRNA. RPL35A exonic SEQ ID 452 NM_000996 Homo sapiens ribosomal protein L35a (RPL35A), mRNA. IQCG exonic SEQ ID 453 NM_001134435 Homo sapiens IQ motif containing G (IQCG), transcript variant 2, mRNA. IQCG exonic SEQ ID 454 NM_032263 Homo sapiens IQ motif containing G (IQCG), transcript variant 1, mRNA. UBE2D3 exonic SEQ ID 455 NM_003340 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 (UBE2D3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. UBE2D3 exonic SEQ ID 456 NM_181887 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 (UBE2D3), transcript variant 3, mRNA. UBE2D3 exonic SEQ ID 457 NM_181893 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 (UBE2D3), transcript variant 9, mRNA. UBE2D3 exonic SEQ ID 458 NM_181892 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 (UBE2D3), transcript variant 8, mRNA. UBE2D3 exonic SEQ ID 459 NM_181891 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 (UBE2D3), transcript variant 7, mRNA. UBE2D3 exonic SEQ ID 460 NM_181890 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 (UBE2D3), transcript variant 6, mRNA. UBE2D3 exonic SEQ ID 461 NM_181888 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 (UBE2D3), transcript variant 4, mRNA. UBE2D3 exonic SEQ ID 462 NM_181886 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 (UBE2D3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. UBE2D3 exonic SEQ ID 463 NM_181889 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 3 (UBE2D3), transcript variant 5, mRNA. LGI1 intronic SEQ ID 464 NM_005097 Homo sapiens leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1), mRNA. ANKRD16 exonic SEQ ID 465 NM_019046 Homo sapiens ankyrin repeat domain 16 (ANKRD16), transcript variant 1, mRNA. ANKRD16 exonic SEQ ID 466 NM_001009941 Homo sapiens ankyrin repeat domain 16 (ANKRD16), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ANKRD16 exonic SEQ ID 467 NM_001009943 Homo sapiens ankyrin repeat domain 16 (ANKRD 16), transcript variant 4, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 468 NM_013962 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant GGF2, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 469 NM_001160008 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant HRG-beta2b, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 470 NM_001160007 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant HRG-gamma3, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 471 NM_001160005 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant HRG-beta3b, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 472 NM_001160004 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant ndf43b, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 473 NM_013964 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant HRG-alpha, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 474 NM_004495 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant HRG-gamma, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 475 NM_013956 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant HRG-beta1, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 476 NM_001160002 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant HRG-gamma2, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 477 NM_013960 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant ndf43, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 478 NM_013958 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant HRG-beta3, mRNA. NRG1 intronic SEQ ID 479 NM_013957 Homo sapiens neuregulin 1 (NRG1), transcript variant HRG-beta2, mRNA. NRG3 intronic SEQ ID 480 NM_001165972 Homo sapiens neuregulin 3 (NRG3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. NRG3 intronic SEQ ID 481 NM_001010848 Homo sapiens neuregulin 3 (NRG3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. NRG3 intronic SEQ ID 482 NM_001165973 Homo sapiens neuregulin 3 (NRG3), transcript variant 3, mRNA. NTF3 both SEQ ID 483 NM_001102654 Homo sapiens neurotrophin 3 (NTF3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. MANBA exonic SEQ ID 484 NM_005908 Homo sapiens mannosidase, beta A, lysosomal (MANBA), mRNA. TACR3 exonic SEQ ID 485 NM_001059 Homo sapiens tachykinin receptor 3 (TACR3), mRNA. SLC39A8 exonic SEQ ID 486 NM_001135146 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 39 (zinc transporter), member 8 (SLC39A8), transcript variant 2, mRNA. SLC39A8 exonic SEQ ID 487 NM_001135147 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 39 (zinc transporter), member 8 (SLC39A8), transcript variant 3, mRNA. SLC39A8 exonic SEQ ID 488 NM_001135148 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 39 (zinc transporter), member 8 (SLC39A8), transcript variant 4, mRNA. NFKB1 exonic SEQ ID 489 NM_001165412 Homo sapiens nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (NFKB1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. NFKB1 exonic SEQ ID 490 NM_003998 Homo sapiens nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (NFKB1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. SLC39A8 exonic SEQ ID 491 NM_022154 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 39 (zinc transporter), member 8 (SLC39A8), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CENPE exonic SEQ ID 492 NM_001813 Homo sapiens centromere protein E, 312 kDa (CENPE), mRNA. SLC9B2 exonic SEQ ID 493 NM_178833 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 9, subfamily B (NHA2, cation proton antiporter 2), member 2 (SLC9B2), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA. SLC9B1 exonic SEQ ID 494 NM_139173 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 9, subfamily B (NHA1, cation proton antiporter 1), member 1 (SLC9B1), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 1, mRNA. SLC9B1 exonic SEQ ID 495 NM_001100874 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 9, subfamily B (NHA1, cation proton antiporter 1), member 1 (SLC9B1), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 2, mRNA. SLC9B1 exonic SEQ ID 496 NR_047515 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 9, subfamily B (NHA1, cation proton antiporter 1), member 1 (SLC9B1), transcript variant 4, non-coding RNA. SLC9B1 exonic SEQ ID 497 NR_047513 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 9, subfamily B (NHA1, cation proton antiporter 1), member 1 (SLC9B1), transcript variant 3, non-coding RNA. CISD2 exonic SEQ ID 498 NM_001008388 Homo sapiens CDGSH iron sulfur domain 2 (CISD2), mRNA. BDH2 exonic SEQ ID 499 NM_020139 Homo sapiens 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, type 2 (BDH2), mRNA. MGAM exonic SEQ ID 500 NM_004668 Homo sapiens maltase-glucoamylase (alpha-glucosidase) (MGAM), mRNA. PCDHA8 exonic SEQ ID 501 NM_018911 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 8 (PCDHA8), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PCDHA6 exonic SEQ ID 502 NM_018909 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 6 (PCDHA6), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PCDHA5 exonic SEQ ID 503 NM_018908 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 5 (PCDHA5), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PCDHA9 exonic SEQ ID 504 NM_031857 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 9 (PCDHA9), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PCDHA7 exonic SEQ ID 505 NM_018910 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 7 (PCDHA7), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PCDHA3 exonic SEQ ID 506 NM_018906 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 3 (PCDHA3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PCDHA6 exonic SEQ ID 507 NM_031849 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 6 (PCDHA6), transcript variant 3, mRNA. PCDHA2 exonic SEQ ID 508 NM_018905 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 2 (PCDHA2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PCDHA10 exonic SEQ ID 509 NM_031860 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 10 (PCDHA10), transcript variant 3, mRNA. PCDHA1 exonic SEQ ID 510 NM_031411 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha l (PCDHA1), transcript variant 3, mRNA. PCDHA1 exonic SEQ ID 511 NM_018900 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha l (PCDHA1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PCDHA4 exonic SEQ ID 512 NM_018907 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 4 (PCDHA4), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PCDHA10 exonic SEQ ID 513 NM_018901 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 10 (PCDHA10), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PCDHA9 exonic SEQ ID 514 NM_014005 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 9 (PCDHA9), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PCDHA10 exonic SEQ ID 515 NM_031859 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 10 (PCDHA10), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PCDHA8 exonic SEQ ID 516 NM_031856 Homo sapiens protocadherin alpha 8 (PCDHA8), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PARVB exonic SEQ ID 517 NM_013327 Homo sapiens parvin, beta (PARVB), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PARVB exonic SEQ ID 518 NM_001243386 Homo sapiens parvin, beta (PARVB), transcript variant 4, mRNA. PARVB exonic SEQ ID 519 NM_001243385 Homo sapiens parvin, beta (PARVB), transcript variant 3, mRNA. PARVB exonic SEQ ID 520 NM_001003828 Homo sapiens parvin, beta (PARVB), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PTPRO both SEQ ID 521 NM_002848 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, O (PTPRO), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PTPRO both SEQ ID 522 NM_030667 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, O (PTPRO), transcript variant 1, mRNA. SLC25A24 both SEQ ID 523 NM_013386 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 24 (SLC25A24), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 1, mRNA. SLC25A24 both SEQ ID 524 NM_213651 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 25 (mitochondrial carrier; phosphate carrier), member 24 (SLC25A24), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 2, mRNA. SLC38A6 both SEQ ID 525 NR_033344 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 38, member 6 (SLC38A6), transcript variant 3, non- coding RNA. SLC38A6 both SEQ ID 526 NM_153811 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 38, member 6 (SLC38A6), transcript variant 2, mRNA. SLC38A6 both SEQ ID 527 NM_001172702 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 38, member 6 (SLC38A6), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CORIN exonic SEQ ID 528 NM_006587 Homo sapiens corin, serine peptidase (CORIN), mRNA. DDX11 both SEQ ID 529 NM_152438 Homo sapiens DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box helicase 11 (DDX11), transcript variant 3, mRNA. DDX11 both SEQ ID 530 NM_004399 Homo sapiens DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box helicase 11 (DDX11), transcript variant 2, mRNA. DDX11 both SEQ ID 531 NM_030653 Homo sapiens DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box helicase 11 (DDX11), transcript variant 1, mRNA. DDX11 both SEQ ID 532 NM_001257144 Homo sapiens DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box helicase 11 (DDX11), transcript variant 4, mRNA. DDX11 both SEQ ID 533 NM_001257145 Homo sapiens DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box helicase 11 (DDX11), transcript variant 5, mRNA. DDX11-AS1 exonic SEQ ID 534 NR_038927 Homo sapiens DDX11 antisense RNA 1 (DDX11-AS1), non-coding RNA. CFH exonic SEQ ID 535 NM_000186 Homo sapiens complement factor H (CFH), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, transcript variant 1, mRNA. CFHR3 exonic SEQ ID 536 NM_001166624 Homo sapiens complement factor H-related 3 (CFHR3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. CFHR3 exonic SEQ ID 537 NM_021023 Homo sapiens complement factor H-related 3 (CFHR3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CFHR1 exonic SEQ ID 538 NM_002113 Homo sapiens complement factor H-related 1 (CFHR1), mRNA. CFHR4 exonic SEQ ID 539 NM_001201551 Homo sapiens complement factor H-related 4 (CFHR4), transcript variant 2, mRNA. CFHR4 exonic SEQ ID 540 NM_006684 Homo sapiens complement factor H-related 4 (CFHR4), transcript variant 3, mRNA. CFHR4 exonic SEQ ID 541 NM_001201550 Homo sapiens complement factor H-related 4 (CFHR4), transcript variant 1, mRNA. KATNAL2 exonic SEQ ID 542 NM_031303 Homo sapiens katanin p60 subunit A-like 2 (KATNAL2), mRNA. KCNA7 exonic SEQ ID 543 NM_031886 Homo sapiens potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, member 7 (KCNA7), mRNA. NTF4 exonic SEQ ID 544 NM_006179 Homo sapiens neurotrophin 4 (NTF4), mRNA. LOC255130 both SEQ ID 545 NR_034081 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC255130 (LOC255130), non-coding RNA. MLL3 both SEQ ID 546 NM_170606 Homo sapiens myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 3 (MLL3), mRNA. FABP5P3 exonic SEQ ID 547 NR_002935 Homo sapiens fatty acid binding protein 5 pseudogene 3 (FABP5P3), non-coding RNA. LOC100128822 exonic SEQ ID 548 NR_027387 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC100128822 (LOC100128822), non-coding RNA. ZNF396 both SEQ ID 549 NM_145756 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 396 (ZNF396), mRNA. PITPNM3 exonic SEQ ID 550 NM_031220 Homo sapiens PITPNM family member 3 (PITPNM3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PITPNM3 exonic SEQ ID 551 NM_001165966 Homo sapiens PITPNM family member 3 (PITPNM3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PITPNC1 intronic SEQ ID 552 NM_012417 Homo sapiens phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, cytoplasmic 1 (PITPNC1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PITPNC1 intronic SEQ ID 553 NM_181671 Homo sapiens phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, cytoplasmic 1 (PITPNC1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ACTG1P4 exonic SEQ ID 554 NR_024438 Homo sapiens actin, gamma l pseudogene 4 (ACTG1P4), non-coding RNA. AMY2B both SEQ ID 555 NM_020978 Homo sapiens amylase, alpha 2B (pancreatic) (AMY2B), mRNA. AMY1A exonic SEQ ID 556 NM_004038 Homo sapiens amylase, alpha 1A (salivary) (AMY1A), transcript variant 1, mRNA. AMY1A exonic SEQ ID 557 NM_001008221 Homo sapiens amylase, alpha 1A (salivary) (AMY1A), transcript variant 2, mRNA. AMY2A exonic SEQ ID 558 NM_000699 Homo sapiens amylase, alpha 2A (pancreatic) (AMY2A), mRNA. AMY1C exonic SEQ ID 559 NM_001008219 Homo sapiens amylase, alpha 1C (salivary) (AMY1C), mRNA. AMY1B exonic SEQ ID 560 NM_001008218 Homo sapiens amylase, alpha 1B (salivary) (AMY1B), mRNA. RNPC3 exonic SEQ ID 561 NM_017619 Homo sapiens RNA-binding region (RNP1, RRM) containing 3 (RNPC3), mRNA. MEGF10 both SEQ ID 562 NM_032446 Homo sapiens multiple EGF-like-domains 10 (MEGF10), transcript variant 1, mRNA. MEGF10 both SEQ ID 563 NM_001256545 Homo sapiens multiple EGF-like-domains 10 (MEGF10), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ZNF317 exonic SEQ ID 564 NM_020933 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 317 (ZNF317), transcript variant 1, mRNA. ZNF317 exonic SEQ ID 565 NM_001190791 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 317 (ZNF317), transcript variant 1, mRNA. TRIQK both SEQ ID 566 NM_001171798 Homo sapiens triple QxxK/R motif containing (TRIQK), transcript variant 4, mRNA. TRIQK both SEQ ID 567 NM_001171795 Homo sapiens triple QxxK/R motif containing (TRIQK), transcript variant 3, mRNA. TRIQK both SEQ ID 568 NM_001191036 Homo sapiens triple QxxK/R motif containing (TRIQK), transcript variant 7, mRNA. TRIQK both SEQ ID 569 NM_001171796 Homo sapiens triple QxxK/R motif containing (TRIQK), transcript variant 1, mRNA. TRIQK both SEQ ID 570 NM_001171797 Homo sapiens triple QxxK/R motif containing (TRIQK), transcript variant 2, mRNA. TRIQK both SEQ ID 571 NM_001191035 Homo sapiens triple QxxK/R motif containing (TRIQK), transcript variant 6, mRNA. TRIQK both SEQ ID 572 NM_001171799 Homo sapiens triple QxxK/R motif containing (TRIQK), transcript variant 5, mRNA. CERK exonic SEQ ID 573 NM_022766 Homo sapiens ceramide kinase (CERK), mRNA. CTSL2 exonic SEQ ID 574 NM_001201575 Homo sapiens cathepsin L2 (CTSL2), transcript variant 2, mRNA. CTSL2 exonic SEQ ID 575 NM_001333 Homo sapiens cathepsin L2 (CTSL2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. FAM35A exonic SEQ ID 576 NM_019054 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 35, member A (FAM35A), mRNA. LOC728190 exonic SEQ ID 577 NR_024397 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC728190 (LOC728190), non-coding RNA. FAM22A exonic SEQ ID 578 NM_001099338 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 22, member A (FAM22A), mRNA. LOC439994 exonic SEQ ID 579 NR_029408 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC439994 (LOC439994), non-coding RNA. FAM22D exonic SEQ ID 580 NM_001009610 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 22, member D (FAM22D), mRNA. LOC728218 exonic SEQ ID 581 NR_046091 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC728218 (LOC728218), non-coding RNA. MAS1 exonic SEQ ID 582 NM_002377 Homo sapiens MAS1 oncogene (MAS1), mRNA. METTL21C both SEQ ID 583 NM_001010977 Homo sapiens methyltransferase like 21C (METTL21C), mRNA. MNX1 exonic SEQ ID 584 NM_001165255 Homo sapiens motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1 (MNX1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. MNX1 exonic SEQ ID 585 NM_005515 Homo sapiens motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1 (MNX1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. NSL1 exonic SEQ ID 586 NM_001042549 Homo sapiens NSL1, MIND kinetochore complex component, homolog (S. cerevisiae) (NSL1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. NSL1 exonic SEQ ID 587 NM_015471 Homo sapiens NSL1, MIND kinetochore complex component, homolog (S. cerevisiae) (NSL1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PIGZ exonic SEQ ID 588 NM_025163 Homo sapiens phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class Z (PIGZ), mRNA. PKD1L3 exonic SEQ ID 589 NM_181536 Homo sapiens polycystic kidney disease 1-like 3 (PKD1L3), mRNA. PROSC exonic SEQ ID 590 NM_007198 Homo sapiens proline synthetase co-transcribed homolog (bacterial) (PROSC), mRNA. RALYL both SEQ ID 591 NM_173848 Homo sapiens RALY RNA binding protein-like (RALYL), transcript variant 3, mRNA. RALYL both SEQ ID 592 NM_001100393 Homo sapiens RALY RNA binding protein-like (RALYL), transcript variant 4, mRNA. RALYL both SEQ ID 593 NM_001100392 Homo sapiens RALY RNA binding protein-like (RALYL), transcript variant 2, mRNA. RALYL both SEQ ID 594 NM_001100391 Homo sapiens RALY RNA binding protein-like (RALYL), transcript variant 1, mRNA. RASA3 exonic SEQ ID 595 NM_007368 Homo sapiens RAS p21 protein activator 3 (RASA3), mRNA. RBM27 both SEQ ID 596 NM_018989 Homo sapiens RNA binding motif protein 27 (RBM27), mRNA. RBM25 intronic SEQ ID 597 NM_021239 Homo sapiens RNA binding motif protein 25 (RBM25), mRNA. TARS exonic SEQ ID 598 NM_001258438 Homo sapiens threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS), transcript variant 3, mRNA. TARS exonic SEQ ID 599 NM_152295 Homo sapiens threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS), transcript variant 1, mRNA. TARS exonic SEQ ID 600 NR_047676 Homo sapiens threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS), transcript variant 4, non-coding RNA. TARS exonic SEQ ID 601 NR_047677 Homo sapiens threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS), transcript variant 5, non-coding RNA. TARS exonic SEQ ID 602 NR_047678 Homo sapiens threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS), transcript variant 6, non-coding RNA. TARS exonic SEQ ID 603 NM_001258437 Homo sapiens threonyl-tRNA synthetase (TARS), transcript variant 2, mRNA. TAAR1 exonic SEQ ID 604 NM_138327 Homo sapiens trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), mRNA. TPTE2P3 exonic SEQ ID 605 NR_002793 Homo sapiens transmembrane phosphoinositide 3-phosphatase and tensin homolog 2 pseudogene 3 (TPTE2P3), non-coding RNA. TRAF3 exonic SEQ ID 606 NM_001199427 Homo sapiens TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), transcript variant 4, mRNA. TRAF3 exonic SEQ ID 607 NM_003300 Homo sapiens TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), transcript variant 3, mRNA. TRAF3 exonic SEQ ID 608 NM_145726 Homo sapiens TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. TRAF3 exonic SEQ ID 609 NM_145725 Homo sapiens TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. ZBTB20 exonic SEQ ID 610 NM_001164345 Homo sapiens zinc finger and BTB domain containing 20 (ZBTB20), transcript variant 5, mRNA. ZBTB20 exonic SEQ ID 611 NM_001164344 Homo sapiens zinc finger and BTB domain containing 20 (ZBTB20), transcript variant 4, mRNA. ZBTB20 exonic SEQ ID 612 NM_015642 Homo sapiens zinc finger and BTB domain containing 20 (ZBTB20), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ZBTB20 exonic SEQ ID 613 NM_001164343 Homo sapiens zinc finger and BTB domain containing 20 (ZBTB20), transcript variant 3, mRNA. FAM70B both SEQ ID 614 NM_182614 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 70, member B (FAM70B), mRNA. GAS6 exonic SEQ ID 615 NM_001143946 Homo sapiens growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6), transcript variant 3, mRNA. GAS6 exonic SEQ ID 616 NM_000820 Homo sapiens growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6), transcript variant 1, mRNA. GAS6-AS1 exonic SEQ ID 617 NR_044995 Homo sapiens GAS6 antisense RNA 1 (GAS6-AS1), non-coding RNA. GAS6 exonic SEQ ID 618 NM_001143945 Homo sapiens growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ACYP2 both SEQ ID 619 NM_138448 Homo sapiens acylphosphatase 2, muscle type (ACYP2), mRNA. TSPYL6 exonic SEQ ID 620 NM_001003937 Homo sapiens TSPY-like 6 (TSPYL6), mRNA. AKR1B15 exonic SEQ ID 621 NM_001080538 Homo sapiens aldo-keto reductase family 1, member B15 (AKR1B15), mRNA. ATP12A exonic SEQ ID 622 NM_001185085 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+/K+ transporting, nongastric, alpha polypeptide (ATP12A), transcript variant 1, mRNA. ATP12A exonic SEQ ID 623 NM_001676 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+/K+ transporting, nongastric, alpha polypeptide (ATP12A), transcript variant 2, mRNA. BLVRA exonic SEQ ID 624 NM_000712 Homo sapiens biliverdin reductase A (BLVRA), transcript variant 1, mRNA. BLVRA exonic SEQ ID 625 NM_001253823 Homo sapiens biliverdin reductase A (BLVRA), transcript variant 2, mRNA. C16orf74 exonic SEQ ID 626 NM_206967 Homo sapiens chromosome 16 open reading frame 74 (C16orf74), mRNA. MIR1910 exonic SEQ ID 627 NR_031731 Homo sapiens microRNA 1910 (MIR1910), microRNA. VGLL4 both SEQ ID 628 NM_014667 Homo sapiens vestigial like 4 (Drosophila) (VGLL4), transcript variant 2, mRNA. TAMM41 exonic SEQ ID 629 NM_138807 Homo sapiens TAM41, mitochondrial translocator assembly and maintenance protein, homolog (S. cerevisiae) (TAMM41), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA. COL24A1 exonic SEQ ID 630 NM_152890 Homo sapiens collagen, type XXIV, alpha 1 (COL24A1), mRNA. DCTN4 both SEQ ID 631 NM_001135643 Homo sapiens dynactin 4 (p62) (DCTN4), transcript variant 1, mRNA. DCTN4 both SEQ ID 632 NM_001135644 Homo sapiens dynactin 4 (p62) (DCTN4), transcript variant 3, mRNA. DCTN4 both SEQ ID 633 NM_016221 Homo sapiens dynactin 4 (p62) (DCTN4), transcript variant 2, mRNA. DGKB both SEQ ID 634 NM_145695 Homo sapiens diacylglycerol kinase, beta 90 kDa (DGKB), transcript variant 2, mRNA. DGKB both SEQ ID 635 NM_004080 Homo sapiens diacylglycerol kinase, beta 90 kDa (DGKB), transcript variant 1, mRNA. DLG2 both SEQ ID 636 NM_001142699 Homo sapiens discs, large homolog 2 (Drosophila) (DLG2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. F7 exonic SEQ ID 637 NM_001267554 Homo sapiens coagulation factor VII (serum prothrombin conversion accelerator) (F7), transcript variant 3, mRNA. F7 exonic SEQ ID 638 NM_019616 Homo sapiens coagulation factor VII (serum prothrombin conversion accelerator) (F7), transcript variant 2, mRNA. F7 exonic SEQ ID 639 NM_000131 Homo sapiens coagulation factor VII (serum prothrombin conversion accelerator) (F7), transcript variant 1, mRNA. F7 exonic SEQ ID 640 NR_051961 Homo sapiens coagulation factor VII (serum prothrombin conversion accelerator) (F7), transcript variant 4, non-coding RNA. MGC21881 exonic SEQ ID 641 NR_015363 Homo sapiens uncharacterized locus MGC21881 (MGC21881), non-coding RNA. LOC653501 exonic SEQ ID 642 NR_003528 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 658 pseudogene (LOC653501), non-coding RNA. CNTNAP3 exonic SEQ ID 643 NM_033655 Homo sapiens contactin associated protein-like 3 (CNTNAP3), mRNA. ZNF658 exonic SEQ ID 644 NM_033160 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 658 (ZNF658), mRNA. AQP7P3 exonic SEQ ID 645 NR_026558 Homo sapiens aquaporin 7 pseudogene 3 (AQP7P3), non-coding RNA. ANKRD20A2 exonic SEQ ID 646 NM_001012421 Homo sapiens ankyrin repeat domain 20 family, member A2 (ANKRD20A2), mRNA. ANKRD20A3 exonic SEQ ID 647 NM_001012419 Homo sapiens ankyrin repeat domain 20 family, member A3 (ANKRD20A3), mRNA. ZNF658B exonic SEQ ID 648 NR_027861 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 658B, pseudogene (ZNF658B), non-coding RNA. SPATA31A1 exonic SEQ ID 649 NM_001085452 Homo sapiens SPATA31 subfamily A, member 1 (SPATA31A1), mRNA. SPATA31A2 exonic SEQ ID 650 NM_001040065 Homo sapiens SPATA31 subfamily A, member 2 (SPATA31A2), mRNA. FAM74A1 exonic SEQ ID 651 NR_026803 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 74, member A1 (FAM74A1), non-coding RNA. SPATA31A3 exonic SEQ ID 652 NM_001083124 Homo sapiens SPATA31 subfamily A, member 3 (SPATA31A3), mRNA. FAM74A3 exonic SEQ ID 653 NR_026801 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 74, member A3 (FAM74A3), non-coding RNA. SPATA31A5 exonic SEQ ID 654 NM_001113541 Homo sapiens SPATA31 subfamily A, member 5 (SPATA31A5), mRNA. SPATA31A7 exonic SEQ ID 655 NM_015667 Homo sapiens SPATA31 subfamily A, member 7 (SPATA31A7), mRNA. SPATA31A4 exonic SEQ ID 656 NM_001242613 Homo sapiens SPATA31 subfamily A, member 4 (SPATA31A4), mRNA. KGFLP2 exonic SEQ ID 657 NR_003670 Homo sapiens keratinocyte growth factor-like protein 2 (KGFLP2), non-coding RNA. LOC643648 exonic SEQ ID 658 NR_046203 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC643648 (LOC643648), non-coding RNA. FAM95B1 exonic SEQ ID 659 NR_026759 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 95, member B1 (FAM95B1), non-coding RNA. FOXD4L4 exonic SEQ ID 660 NM_199244 Homo sapiens forkhead box D4-like 4 (FOXD4L4), mRNA. FOXD4L2 exonic SEQ ID 661 NM_001099279 Homo sapiens forkhead box D4-like 2 (FOXD4L2), mRNA. LOC286297 exonic SEQ ID 662 NR_046175 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC286297 (LOC286297), non-coding RNA. LOC642929 exonic SEQ ID 663 NR_027472 Homo sapiens general transcription factor II, i pseudogene (LOC642929), non-coding RNA. SPATA31A6 exonic SEQ ID 664 NM_001145196 Homo sapiens SPATA31 subfamily A, member 6 (SPATA31A6), mRNA. CNTNAP3B exonic SEQ ID 665 NM_001201380 Homo sapiens contactin associated protein-like 3B (CNTNAP3B), mRNA. FAM27C exonic SEQ ID 666 NR_027421 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 27, member C (FAM27C), non-coding RNA. IL1RAPL1 both SEQ ID 667 NM_014271 Homo sapiens interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (IL1RAPL1), mRNA. IL1RAPL2 intronic SEQ ID 668 NM_017416 Homo sapiens interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 2 (IL1RAPL2), mRNA. GNB1 exonic SEQ ID 669 NM_002074 Homo sapiens guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 1 (GNB1), mRNA. KIAA1751 exonic SEQ ID 670 NM_001080484 Homo sapiens KIAA1751 (KIAA1751), mRNA. TMEM52 exonic SEQ ID 671 NM_178545 Homo sapiens transmembrane protein 52 (TMEM52), mRNA. CALML6 exonic SEQ ID 672 NM_138705 Homo sapiens calmodulin-like 6 (CALML6), mRNA. KLRC2 exonic SEQ ID 673 NM_002260 Homo sapiens killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 2 (KLRC2), mRNA. KLRC1 exonic SEQ ID 674 NM_002259 Homo sapiens killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 1 (KLRC1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. KLRC1 exonic SEQ ID 675 NM_213658 Homo sapiens killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 1 (KLRC1), transcript variant 3, mRNA. KLRC1 exonic SEQ ID 676 NM_213657 Homo sapiens killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 1 (KLRC1), transcript variant 4, mRNA. KLRC1 exonic SEQ ID 677 NM_007328 Homo sapiens killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 1 (KLRC1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. KLRC3 exonic SEQ ID 678 NM_002261 Homo sapiens killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 3 (KLRC3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. KLRC3 exonic SEQ ID 679 NM_007333 Homo sapiens killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C, member 3 (KLRC3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ZNF707 exonic SEQ ID 680 NM_001100599 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 707 (ZNF707), transcript variant 3, mRNA. BREA2 exonic SEQ ID 681 NR_015445 Homo sapiens breast cancer estrogen-induced apoptosis 2 (BREA2), non-coding RNA. ZNF707 exonic SEQ ID 682 NM_001100598 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 707 (ZNF707), transcript variant 2, mRNA. CCDC166 exonic SEQ ID 683 NM_001162914 Homo sapiens coiled-coil domain containing 166 (CCDC166), mRNA. ZNF707 exonic SEQ ID 684 NM_173831 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 707 (ZNF707), transcript variant 1, mRNA. GRM5 intronic SEQ ID 685 NM_000842 Homo sapiens glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5 (GRM5), transcript variant b, mRNA. GRM5 intronic SEQ ID 686 NM_001143831 Homo sapiens glutamate receptor, metabotropic 5 (GRM5), transcript variant a, mRNA. KANSL1 both SEQ ID 687 NM_015443 Homo sapiens KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1 (KANSL1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. KANSL1 both SEQ ID 688 NM_001193466 Homo sapiens KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1 (KANSL1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. KANSL1 both SEQ ID 689 NM_001193465 Homo sapiens KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1 (KANSL1), transcript variant 3, mRNA. KANSL1-AS1 exonic SEQ ID 690 NR_034172 Homo sapiens KANSL1 antisense RNA 1 (KANSL1-AS1), non-coding RNA. ADK intronic SEQ ID 691 NM_006721 Homo sapiens adenosine kinase (ADK), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ADK intronic SEQ ID 692 NM_001123 Homo sapiens adenosine kinase (ADK), transcript variant 1, mRNA. ADK intronic SEQ ID 693 NM_001202449 Homo sapiens adenosine kinase (ADK), transcript variant 3, mRNA. ADK intronic SEQ ID 694 NM_001202450 Homo sapiens adenosine kinase (ADK), transcript variant 4, mRNA. BICC1 both SEQ ID 695 NM_001080512 Homo sapiens bicaudal C homolog 1 (Drosophila) (BICC1), mRNA. FAM133CP exonic SEQ ID 696 NR_027508 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 133, member C, pseudogene (FAM133CP), non-coding RNA. NLGN1 intronic SEQ ID 697 NM_014932 Homo sapiens neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), mRNA. PRTN3 exonic SEQ ID 698 NM_002777 Homo sapiens proteinase 3 (PRTN3), mRNA. MATN2 intronic SEQ ID 699 NM_030583 Homo sapiens matrilin 2 (MATN2), transcript variant 2, mRNA. MATN2 intronic SEQ ID 700 NM_002380 Homo sapiens matrilin 2 (MATN2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. SGK1 exonic SEQ ID 701 NM_001143676 Homo sapiens serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ALLC intronic SEQ ID 702 NM_018436 Homo sapiens allantoicase (ALLC), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PCBD2 intronic SEQ ID 703 NM_032151 Homo sapiens pterin-4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase/dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte nuclear factor l alpha (TCF1) 2 (PCBD2), mRNA. SPAG16 both SEQ ID 704 NM_024532 Homo sapiens sperm associated antigen 16 (SPAG16), transcript variant 1, mRNA. SPAG16 both SEQ ID 705 NR_047659 Homo sapiens sperm associated antigen 16 (SPAG16), transcript variant 3, non-coding RNA. SPAG16 both SEQ ID 706 NR_047660 Homo sapiens sperm associated antigen 16 (SPAG16), transcript variant 4, non-coding RNA. PUF60 exonic SEQ ID 707 NM_014281 Homo sapiens poly-U binding splicing factor 60 KDa (PUF60), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PUF60 exonic SEQ ID 708 NM_001136033 Homo sapiens poly-U binding splicing factor 60 KDa (PUF60), transcript variant 3, mRNA. PUF60 exonic SEQ ID 709 NM_078480 Homo sapiens poly-U binding splicing factor 60 KDa (PUF60), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PUF60 exonic SEQ ID 710 NM_001271100 Homo sapiens poly-U binding splicing factor 60 KDa (PUF60), transcript variant 8, mRNA. PUF60 exonic SEQ ID 711 NM_001271096 Homo sapiens poly-U binding splicing factor 60 KDa (PUF60), transcript variant 4, mRNA. PUF60 exonic SEQ ID 712 NM_001271099 Homo sapiens poly-U binding splicing factor 60 KDa (PUF60), transcript variant 7, mRNA. PUF60 exonic SEQ ID 713 NM_001271098 Homo sapiens poly-U binding splicing factor 60 KDa (PUF60), transcript variant 6, mRNA. PUF60 exonic SEQ ID 714 NM_001271097 Homo sapiens poly-U binding splicing factor 60 KDa (PUF60), transcript variant 5, mRNA. STAU2 both SEQ ID 715 NM_001164381 Homo sapiens staufen, RNA binding protein, homolog 2 (Drosophila) (STAU2), transcript variant 2, mRNA. STAU2 both SEQ ID 716 NM_001164383 Homo sapiens staufen, RNA binding protein, homolog 2 (Drosophila) (STAU2), transcript variant 4, mRNA. STAU2 both SEQ ID 717 NM_001164382 Homo sapiens staufen, RNA binding protein, homolog 2 (Drosophila) (STAU2), transcript variant 3, mRNA. STAU2 both SEQ ID 718 NM_001164380 Homo sapiens staufen, RNA binding protein, homolog 2 (Drosophila) (STAU2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. STAU2 both SEQ ID 719 NM_001164384 Homo sapiens staufen, RNA binding protein, homolog 2 (Drosophila) (STAU2), transcript variant 6, mRNA. STAU2 both SEQ ID 720 NM_001164385 Homo sapiens staufen, RNA binding protein, homolog 2 (Drosophila) (STAU2), transcript variant 7, mRNA. STAU2 both SEQ ID 721 NM_014393 Homo sapiens staufen, RNA binding protein, homolog 2 (Drosophila) (STAU2), transcript variant 5, mRNA. CNBD1 intronic SEQ ID 722 NM_173538 Homo sapiens cyclic nucleotide binding domain containing 1 (CNBD1), mRNA. MIR5694 exonic SEQ ID 723 NR_049879 Homo sapiens microRNA 5694 (MIR5694), microRNA. WDR11 exonic SEQ ID 724 NM_018117 Homo sapiens WD repeat domain 11 (WDR11), mRNA. RNF130 exonic SEQ ID 725 NM_018434 Homo sapiens ring finger protein 130 (RNF130), mRNA. VIMP exonic SEQ ID 726 NM_203472 Homo sapiens VCP-interacting membrane protein (VIMP), transcript variant 1, mRNA. VIMP exonic SEQ ID 727 NM_018445 Homo sapiens VCP-interacting membrane protein (VIMP), transcript variant 2, mRNA. HKR1 intronic SEQ ID 728 NM_181786 Homo sapiens HKR1, GLI-Kruppel zinc finger family member (HKR1), mRNA. SEPT14 exonic SEQ ID 729 NM_207366 Homo sapiens septin 14 (SEPT14), mRNA. STK31 intronic SEQ ID 730 NM_001260505 Homo sapiens serine/threonine kinase 31 (STK31), transcript variant 5, mRNA. STK31 intronic SEQ ID 731 NM_031414 Homo sapiens serine/threonine kinase 31 (STK31), transcript variant 1, mRNA. STK31 intronic SEQ ID 732 NM_001260504 Homo sapiens serine/threonine kinase 31 (STK31), transcript variant 4, mRNA. STK31 intronic SEQ ID 733 NM_032944 Homo sapiens serine/threonine kinase 31 (STK31), transcript variant 2, mRNA. STK31 intronic SEQ ID 734 NR_048542 Homo sapiens serine/threonine kinase 31 (STK31), transcript variant 3, non-coding RNA. TSHZ2 intronic SEQ ID 735 NM_173485 Homo sapiens teashirt zinc finger homeobox 2 (TSHZ2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. ZNF585B intronic SEQ ID 736 NM_152279 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 585B (ZNF585B), mRNA. BCOR intronic SEQ ID 737 NM_001123384 Homo sapiens BCL6 corepressor (BCOR), transcript variant 4, mRNA. BCOR intronic SEQ ID 738 NM_001123383 Homo sapiens BCL6 corepressor (BCOR), transcript variant 3, mRNA. CRB1 intronic SEQ ID 739 NM_001193640 Homo sapiens crumbs homolog 1 (Drosophila) (CRB1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. CRB1 intronic SEQ ID 740 NM_201253 Homo sapiens crumbs homolog 1 (Drosophila) (CRB1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CRB1 intronic SEQ ID 741 NM_001257965 Homo sapiens crumbs homolog 1 (Drosophila) (CRB1), transcript variant 3, mRNA. CRB1 intronic SEQ ID 742 NM_001257966 Homo sapiens crumbs homolog 1 (Drosophila) (CRB1), transcript variant 4, mRNA. CRB1 intronic SEQ ID 743 NR_047563 Homo sapiens crumbs homolog 1 (Drosophila) (CRB1), transcript variant 5, non-coding RNA. CRB1 intronic SEQ ID 744 NR_047564 Homo sapiens crumbs homolog 1 (Drosophila) (CRB1), transcript variant 6, non-coding RNA. PLD1 intronic SEQ ID 745 NM_002662 Homo sapiens phospholipase D1, phosphatidylcholine-specific (PLD1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PLD1 intronic SEQ ID 746 NM_001130081 Homo sapiens phospholipase D1, phosphatidylcholine-specific (PLD1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PSD3 intronic SEQ ID 747 NM_015310 Homo sapiens pleckstrin and Sec7 domain containing 3 (PSD3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. RGS6 intronic SEQ ID 748 NM_001204418 Homo sapiens regulator of G-protein signaling 6 (RGS6), transcript variant 4, mRNA. RGS6 intronic SEQ ID 749 NM_001204417 Homo sapiens regulator of G-protein signaling 6 (RGS6), transcript variant 3, mRNA. RGS6 intronic SEQ ID 750 NM_001204416 Homo sapiens regulator of G-protein signaling 6 (RGS6), transcript variant 1, mRNA. RGS6 intronic SEQ ID 751 NM_001204424 Homo sapiens regulator of G-protein signaling 6 (RGS6), transcript variant 10, mRNA. RGS6 intronic SEQ ID 752 NM_004296 Homo sapiens regulator of G-protein signaling 6 (RGS6), transcript variant 2, mRNA. RGS6 intronic SEQ ID 753 NM_001204421 Homo sapiens regulator of G-protein signaling 6 (RGS6), transcript variant 7, mRNA. RGS6 intronic SEQ ID 754 NM_001204420 Homo sapiens regulator of G-protein signaling 6 (RGS6), transcript variant 6, mRNA. RGS6 intronic SEQ ID 755 NM_001204423 Homo sapiens regulator of G-protein signaling 6 (RGS6), transcript variant 9, mRNA. RGS6 intronic SEQ ID 756 NM_001204422 Homo sapiens regulator of G-protein signaling 6 (RGS6), transcript variant 8, mRNA. RGS6 intronic SEQ ID 757 NM_001204419 Homo sapiens regulator of G-protein signaling 6 (RGS6), transcript variant 5, mRNA. RIMS1 intronic SEQ ID 758 NM_014989 Homo sapiens regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 1 (RIMS1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. ZNF624 intronic SEQ ID 759 NM_020787 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 624 (ZNF624), mRNA. ADAMTS20 intronic SEQ ID 760 NM_025003 Homo sapiens ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 20 (ADAMTS20), mRNA. CAMTA1 intronic SEQ ID 761 NM_015215 Homo sapiens calmodulin binding transcription activator 1 (CAMTA1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CAMTA1 intronic SEQ ID 762 NM_001195563 Homo sapiens calmodulin binding transcription activator 1 (CAMTA1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. CAMTA1 intronic SEQ ID 763 NR_038934 Homo sapiens calmodulin binding transcription activator 1 (CAMTA1), transcript variant 4, non-coding RNA. CAMTA1 intronic SEQ ID 764 NM_001242701 Homo sapiens calmodulin binding transcription activator 1 (CAMTA1), transcript variant 3, mRNA. CDH13 intronic SEQ ID 765 NM_001257 Homo sapiens cadherin 13, H-cadherin (heart) (CDH13), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CDH13 intronic SEQ ID 766 NM_001220490 Homo sapiens cadherin 13, H-cadherin (heart) (CDH13), transcript variant 4, mRNA. CDH13 intronic SEQ ID 767 NM_001220489 Homo sapiens cadherin 13, H-cadherin (heart) (CDH13), transcript variant 3, mRNA. CDH13 intronic SEQ ID 768 NM_001220488 Homo sapiens cadherin 13, H-cadherin (heart) (CDH13), transcript variant 2, mRNA. CDH13 intronic SEQ ID 769 NM_001220492 Homo sapiens cadherin 13, H-cadherin (heart) (CDH13), transcript variant 6, mRNA. CDH13 intronic SEQ ID 770 NM_001220491 Homo sapiens cadherin 13, H-cadherin (heart) (CDH13), transcript variant 5, mRNA. CRY1 intronic SEQ ID 771 NM_004075 Homo sapiens cryptochrome 1 (photolyase-like) (CRY1), mRNA. CUX1 intronic SEQ ID 772 NM_181500 Homo sapiens cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1), transcript variant 3, mRNA. CUX1 intronic SEQ ID 773 NM_001202545 Homo sapiens cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1), transcript variant 6, mRNA. CUX1 intronic SEQ ID 774 NM_001202544 Homo sapiens cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1), transcript variant 5, mRNA. CUX1 intronic SEQ ID 775 NM_001202546 Homo sapiens cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1), transcript variant 7, mRNA. CUX1 intronic SEQ ID 776 NM_001913 Homo sapiens cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. CUX1 intronic SEQ ID 777 NM_181552 Homo sapiens cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CUX1 intronic SEQ ID 778 NM_001202543 Homo sapiens cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1), transcript variant 4, mRNA. CYP4F12 both SEQ ID 779 NM_023944 Homo sapiens cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 12 (CYP4F12), mRNA. DLGAP2 intronic SEQ ID 780 NM_004745 Homo sapiens discs, large (Drosophila) homolog-associated protein 2 (DLGAP2), mRNA. FMNL2 intronic SEQ ID 781 NM_052905 Homo sapiens formin-like 2 (FMNL2), mRNA. GPR98 intronic SEQ ID 782 NR_003149 Homo sapiens G protein-coupled receptor 98 (GPR98), transcript variant 2, non-coding RNA. GPR98 intronic SEQ ID 783 NM_032119 Homo sapiens G protein-coupled receptor 98 (GPR98), transcript variant 1, mRNA. GRIN2A intronic SEQ ID 784 NM_000833 Homo sapiens glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2A (GRIN2A), transcript variant 2, mRNA. GRIN2A intronic SEQ ID 785 NM_001134408 Homo sapiens glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2A (GRIN2A), transcript variant 3, mRNA. GRIN2A intronic SEQ ID 786 NM_001134407 Homo sapiens glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl D-aspartate 2A (GRIN2A), transcript variant 1, mRNA. MAGI3 intronic SEQ ID 787 NM_001142782 Homo sapiens membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 3 (MAGI3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. MAGI3 intronic SEQ ID 788 NM_152900 Homo sapiens membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 3 (MAGI3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. MAP2 intronic SEQ ID 789 NM_001039538 Homo sapiens microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), transcript variant 5, mRNA. MOB3B intronic SEQ ID 790 NM_024761 Homo sapiens MOB kinase activator 3B (MOB3B), mRNA. NKAIN3 intronic SEQ ID 791 NM_173688 Homo sapiens Na+/K+ transporting ATPase interacting 3 (NKAIN3), mRNA. NRXN3 intronic SEQ ID 792 NM_004796 Homo sapiens neurexin 3 (NRXN3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. NRXN3 intronic SEQ ID 793 NM_001105250 Homo sapiens neurexin 3 (NRXN3), transcript variant 3, mRNA. NRXN3 intronic SEQ ID 794 NM_138970 Homo sapiens neurexin 3 (NRXN3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PHACTR2 intronic SEQ ID 795 NM_001100166 Homo sapiens phosphatase and actin regulator 2 (PHACTR2), transcript variant 4, mRNA. PHACTR2 intronic SEQ ID 796 NM_014721 Homo sapiens phosphatase and actin regulator 2 (PHACTR2), transcript variant 3, mRNA. RASSF3 intronic SEQ ID 797 NM_178169 Homo sapiens Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 3 (RASSF3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. RASSF3 intronic SEQ ID 798 NR_040718 Homo sapiens Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 3 (RASSF3), transcript variant 2, non-coding RNA. RPS6KC1 intronic SEQ ID 799 NM_001136138 Homo sapiens ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 52 kDa, polypeptide 1 (RPS6KC1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. RPS6KC1 intronic SEQ ID 800 NM_012424 Homo sapiens ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 52 kDa, polypeptide 1 (RPS6KC1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. SPON1 intronic SEQ ID 801 NM_006108 Homo sapiens spondin 1, extracellular matrix protein (SPON1), mRNA. STXBP5L intronic SEQ ID 802 NM_014980 Homo sapiens syntaxin binding protein 5-like (STXBP5L), mRNA. STX8 intronic SEQ ID 803 NR_033656 Homo sapiens syntaxin 8 (STX8), transcript variant 2, non-coding RNA. STX8 intronic SEQ ID 804 NM_004853 Homo sapiens syntaxin 8 (STX8), transcript variant 1, mRNA. SYT1 intronic SEQ ID 805 NM_001135805 Homo sapiens synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. SYT1 intronic SEQ ID 806 NM_005639 Homo sapiens synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. TNFRSF1A intronic SEQ ID 807 NM_001065 Homo sapiens tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A (TNFRSF1A), mRNA. ADAMTS3 intronic SEQ ID 808 NM_014243 Homo sapiens ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 3 (ADAMTS3), mRNA. BAIAP2L1 intronic SEQ ID 809 NM_018842 Homo sapiens BAI1-associated protein 2-like 1 (BAIAP2L1), mRNA. C11orf49 intronic SEQ ID 810 NM_024113 Homo sapiens chromosome 11 open reading frame 49 (C11orf49), transcript variant 3, mRNA. C11orf49 intronic SEQ ID 811 NM_001003678 Homo sapiens chromosome 11 open reading frame 49 (C11orf49), transcript variant 4, mRNA. C11orf49 intronic SEQ ID 812 NM_001003677 Homo sapiens chromosome 11 open reading frame 49 (C11orf49), transcript variant 2, mRNA. C11orf49 intronic SEQ ID 813 NM_001003676 Homo sapiens chromosome 11 open reading frame 49 (C11orf49), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CACNA2D1 intronic SEQ ID 814 NM_000722 Homo sapiens calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 2/delta subunit 1 (CACNA2D1), mRNA. CACNA1B exonic SEQ ID 815 NM_001243812 Homo sapiens calcium channel, voltage-dependent, N type, alpha 1B subunit (CACNA1B), transcript variant 2, mRNA. CACNA1B exonic SEQ ID 816 NM_000718 Homo sapiens calcium channel, voltage-dependent, N type, alpha 1B subunit (CACNA1B), transcript variant 1, mRNA. EFNA5 intronic SEQ ID 817 NM_001962 Homo sapiens ephrin-A5 (EFNA5), mRNA. EPHA3 exonic SEQ ID 818 NM_005233 Homo sapiens EPH receptor A3 (EPHA3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. EPHA3 exonic SEQ ID 819 NM_182644 Homo sapiens EPH receptor A3 (EPHA3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. GALNT13 intronic SEQ ID 820 NM_052917 Homo sapiens UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 13 (GalNAc-T13) (GALNT13), mRNA. IGSF21 intronic SEQ ID 821 NM_032880 Homo sapiens immunoglobin superfamily, member 21 (IGSF21), mRNA. LRRFIP1 intronic SEQ ID 822 NM_001137550 Homo sapiens leucine rich repeat (in FLII) interacting protein 1 (LRRFIP1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. MECP2 intronic SEQ ID 823 NM_001110792 Homo sapiens methyl CpG binding protein 2 (Rett syndrome) (MECP2), transcript variant 2, mRNA. MECP2 intronic SEQ ID 824 NM_004992 Homo sapiens methyl CpG binding protein 2 (Rett syndrome) (MECP2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. RGS7 exonic SEQ ID 825 NM_002924 Homo sapiens regulator of G-protein signaling 7 (RGS7), mRNA. MIR3123 exonic SEQ ID 826 NR_036069 Homo sapiens microRNA 3123 (MIR3123), microRNA. NFIC intronic SEQ ID 827 NM_001245004 Homo sapiens nuclear factor I/C (CCAAT-binding transcription factor) (NFIC), transcript variant 3, mRNA. NFIC intronic SEQ ID 828 NM_001245005 Homo sapiens nuclear factor I/C (CCAAT-binding transcription factor) (NFIC), transcript variant 4, mRNA. NFIC intronic SEQ ID 829 NM_005597 Homo sapiens nuclear factor I/C (CCAAT-binding transcription factor) (NFIC), transcript variant 5, mRNA. NFIC intronic SEQ ID 830 NM_205843 Homo sapiens nuclear factor I/C (CCAAT-binding transcription factor) (NFIC), transcript variant 2, mRNA. NFIC intronic SEQ ID 831 NM_001245002 Homo sapiens nuclear factor I/C (CCAAT-binding transcription factor) (NFIC), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PTPRD intronic SEQ ID 832 NM_001171025 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D (PTPRD), transcript variant 6, mRNA. PTPRD intronic SEQ ID 833 NM_002839 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D (PTPRD), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PTPRD intronic SEQ ID 834 NM_130393 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D (PTPRD), transcript variant 4, mRNA. PTPRD intronic SEQ ID 835 NM_130392 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D (PTPRD), transcript variant 3, mRNA. PTPRD intronic SEQ ID 836 NM_130391 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D (PTPRD), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PTPRD intronic SEQ ID 837 NM_001040712 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, D (PTPRD), transcript variant 5, mRNA. RORA intronic SEQ ID 838 NM_134261 Homo sapiens RAR-related orphan receptor A (RORA), transcript variant 1, mRNA. SCAMP1 intronic SEQ ID 839 NM_004866 Homo sapiens secretory carrier membrane protein 1 (SCAMP1), mRNA. TMEM117 intronic SEQ ID 840 NM_032256 Homo sapiens transmembrane protein 117 (TMEM117), mRNA. WBSCR17 intronic SEQ ID 841 NM_022479 Homo sapiens Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosome region 17 (WBSCR17), mRNA. GNG12-AS1 intronic SEQ ID 842 NR_040077 Homo sapiens GNG12 antisense RNA 1 (GNG12-AS1), non-coding RNA. WLS intronic SEQ ID 843 NM_001193334 Homo sapiens wntless homolog (Drosophila) (WLS), transcript variant 3, mRNA. WLS intronic SEQ ID 844 NM_024911 Homo sapiens wntless homolog (Drosophila) (WLS), transcript variant 1, mRNA. WLS intronic SEQ ID 845 NM_001002292 Homo sapiens wntless homolog (Drosophila) (WLS), transcript variant 2, mRNA. XKR4 intronic SEQ ID 846 NM_052898 Homo sapiens XK, Kell blood group complex subunit-related family, member 4 (XKR4), mRNA. CREBRF exonic SEQ ID 847 NM_153607 Homo sapiens CREB3 regulatory factor (CREBRF), transcript variant 1, mRNA. C4orf19 exonic SEQ ID 848 NM_001104629 Homo sapiens chromosome 4 open reading frame 19 (C4orf19), transcript variant 1, mRNA. RELL1 exonic SEQ ID 849 NM_001085399 Homo sapiens RELT-like 1 (RELL1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. C4orf19 exonic SEQ ID 850 NM_018302 Homo sapiens chromosome 4 open reading frame 19 (C4orf19), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PREPL exonic SEQ ID 851 NM_001042385 Homo sapiens prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL), transcript variant 4, mRNA. PREPL exonic SEQ ID 852 NM_001171617 Homo sapiens prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL), transcript variant 7, mRNA. PREPL exonic SEQ ID 853 NM_001042386 Homo sapiens prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL), transcript variant 5, mRNA. PREPL exonic SEQ ID 854 NM_001171603 Homo sapiens prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PREPL exonic SEQ ID 855 NM_001171613 Homo sapiens prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL), transcript variant 6, mRNA. PREPL exonic SEQ ID 856 NM_001171606 Homo sapiens prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL), transcript variant 3, mRNA. PREPL exonic SEQ ID 857 NM_006036 Homo sapiens prolyl endopeptidase-like (PREPL), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CAMKMT exonic SEQ ID 858 NM_024766 Homo sapiens calmodulin-lysine N-methyltransferase (CAMKMT), mRNA. SLC3A1 exonic SEQ ID 859 NM_000341 Homo sapiens solute carrier family 3 (cystine, dibasic and neutral amino acid transporters, activator of cystine, dibasic and neutral amino acid transport), member 1 (SLC3A1), mRNA. DNAH10 exonic SEQ ID 860 NM_207437 Homo sapiens dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 10 (DNAH10), mRNA. DNAH12 exonic SEQ ID 861 NM_178504 Homo sapiens dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 12 (DNAH12), transcript variant 1, mRNA. DNAH8 exonic SEQ ID 862 NM_001206927 Homo sapiens dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 8 (DNAH8), mRNA. DNAJC18 exonic SEQ ID 863 NM_152686 Homo sapiens DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member 18 (DNAJC18), mRNA. FHIT exonic SEQ ID 864 NM_001166243 Homo sapiens fragile histidine triad (FHIT), transcript variant 2, mRNA. FHIT exonic SEQ ID 865 NM_002012 Homo sapiens fragile histidine triad (FHIT), transcript variant 1, mRNA. LPP exonic SEQ ID 866 NM_001167672 Homo sapiens LIM domain containing preferred translocation partner in lipoma (LPP), transcript variant 3, mRNA. LPP exonic SEQ ID 867 NM_001167671 Homo sapiens LIM domain containing preferred translocation partner in lipoma (LPP), transcript variant 2, mRNA. LPP exonic SEQ ID 868 NM_005578 Homo sapiens LIM domain containing preferred translocation partner in lipoma (LPP), transcript variant 1, mRNA. FLJ42393 exonic SEQ ID 869 NR_024413 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC401105 (FLJ42393), non-coding RNA. LOC648691 exonic SEQ ID 870 NR_027426 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC648691 (LOC648691), non-coding RNA. VPREB1 exonic SEQ ID 871 NM_007128 Homo sapiens pre-B lymphocyte 1 (VPREB1), mRNA. LOC96610 exonic SEQ ID 872 NR_027293 Homo sapiens BMS1 homolog, ribosome assembly protein (yeast) pseudogene (LOC96610), non-coding RNA. PRAME exonic SEQ ID 873 NM_006115 Homo sapiens preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), transcript variant 1, mRNA. ZNF280A exonic SEQ ID 874 NM_080740 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 280A (ZNF280A), mRNA. ZNF280B exonic SEQ ID 875 NM_080764 Homo sapiens zinc finger protein 280B (ZNF280B), mRNA. PRAME exonic SEQ ID 876 NM_206956 Homo sapiens preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), transcript variant 5, mRNA. PRAME exonic SEQ ID 877 NM_206955 Homo sapiens preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), transcript variant 4, mRNA. PRAME exonic SEQ ID 878 NM_206954 Homo sapiens preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), transcript variant 3, mRNA. PRAME exonic SEQ ID 879 NM_206953 Homo sapiens preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), transcript variant 2, mRNA. GGTLC2 exonic SEQ ID 880 NM_199127 Homo sapiens gamma-glutamyltransferase light chain 2 (GGTLC2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. POM121L1P exonic SEQ ID 881 NR_024591 Homo sapiens POM121 transmembrane nucleoporin-like 1, pseudogene (POM121L1P), non-coding RNA. MIR650 exonic SEQ ID 882 NR_030755 Homo sapiens microRNA 650 (MIR650), microRNA. IGLL5 exonic SEQ ID 883 NM_001178126 Homo sapiens immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 5 (IGLL5), transcript variant 1, mRNA. IGLL5 exonic SEQ ID 884 NM_001256296 Homo sapiens immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 5 (IGLL5), transcript variant 2, mRNA. GNG4 exonic SEQ ID 885 NM_004485 Homo sapiens guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 4 (GNG4), transcript variant 3, mRNA. GNG4 exonic SEQ ID 886 NM_001098722 Homo sapiens guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 4 (GNG4), transcript variant 1, mRNA. GNG4 exonic SEQ ID 887 NM_001098721 Homo sapiens guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 4 (GNG4), transcript variant 2, mRNA. B3GALNT2 exonic SEQ ID 888 NM_152490 Homo sapiens beta-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GALNT2), mRNA. TBCE exonic SEQ ID 889 NM_003193 Homo sapiens tubulin folding cofactor E (TBCE), transcript variant 2, mRNA. TBCE exonic SEQ ID 890 NM_001079515 Homo sapiens tubulin folding cofactor E (TBCE), transcript variant 1, mRNA. HTR1E exonic SEQ ID 891 NM_000865 Homo sapiens 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1E, G protein-coupled (HTR1E), mRNA. IKBKB exonic SEQ ID 892 NM_001190720 Homo sapiens inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta (IKBKB), transcript variant 2, mRNA. IKBKB exonic SEQ ID 893 NM_001242778 Homo sapiens inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta (IKBKB), transcript variant 7, mRNA. IKBKB exonic SEQ ID 894 NR_033819 Homo sapiens inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta (IKBKB), transcript variant 6, non-coding RNA. IKBKB exonic SEQ ID 895 NM_001556 Homo sapiens inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta (IKBKB), transcript variant 1, mRNA. IKBKB exonic SEQ ID 896 NR_040009 Homo sapiens inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta (IKBKB), transcript variant 8, non-coding RNA. IKBKB exonic SEQ ID 897 NR_033818 Homo sapiens inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase beta (IKBKB), transcript variant 5, non-coding RNA. ITGAM exonic SEQ ID 898 NM_001145808 Homo sapiens integrin, alpha M (complement component 3 receptor 3 subunit) (ITGAM), transcript variant 1, mRNA. ITGAM exonic SEQ ID 899 NM_000632 Homo sapiens integrin, alpha M (complement component 3 receptor 3 subunit) (ITGAM), transcript variant 2, mRNA. KCNN3 exonic SEQ ID 900 NM_170782 Homo sapiens potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3 (KCNN3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. KCNN3 exonic SEQ ID 901 NM_002249 Homo sapiens potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3 (KCNN3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. KCNN3 exonic SEQ ID 902 NM_001204087 Homo sapiens potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3 (KCNN3), transcript variant 3, mRNA. KYNU exonic SEQ ID 903 NM_003937 Homo sapiens kynureninase (KYNU), transcript variant 1, mRNA. KYNU exonic SEQ ID 904 NM_001199241 Homo sapiens kynureninase (KYNU), transcript variant 3, mRNA. KYNU exonic SEQ ID 905 NM_001032998 Homo sapiens kynureninase (KYNU), transcript variant 2, mRNA. KCNMA1 exonic SEQ ID 906 NM_001161352 Homo sapiens potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCNMA1), transcript variant 3, mRNA. KCNMA1 exonic SEQ ID 907 NM_001161353 Homo sapiens potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCNMA1), transcript variant 4, mRNA. KCNMA1 exonic SEQ ID 908 NM_002247 Homo sapiens potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCNMA1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. KCNMA1 exonic SEQ ID 909 NM_001014797 Homo sapiens potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCNMA1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. KCNMA1 exonic SEQ ID 910 NM_001271518 Homo sapiens potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCNMA1), transcript variant 5, mRNA. KCNMA1 exonic SEQ ID 911 NM_001271519 Homo sapiens potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCNMA1), transcript variant 6, mRNA. DLG5 exonic SEQ ID 912 NM_004747 Homo sapiens discs, large homolog 5 (Drosophila) (DLG5), mRNA. POLR3A exonic SEQ ID 913 NM_007055 Homo sapiens polymerase (RNA) III (DNA directed) polypeptide A, 155 kDa (POLR3A), mRNA. KCNMA1 exonic SEQ ID 914 NM_001271520 Homo sapiens potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCNMA1), transcript variant 7, mRNA. KCNMA1 exonic SEQ ID 915 NM_001271521 Homo sapiens potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCNMA1), transcript variant 8, mRNA. KCNMA1 exonic SEQ ID 916 NM_001271522 Homo sapiens potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCNMA1), transcript variant 9, mRNA. LOC100128292 exonic SEQ ID 917 NR_024585 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC100128292 (LOC100128292), non-coding RNA. RPS24 exonic SEQ ID 918 NM_001142285 Homo sapiens ribosomal protein S24 (RPS24), transcript variant d, mRNA. RPS24 exonic SEQ ID 919 NM_001142284 Homo sapiens ribosomal protein S24 (RPS24), transcript variant b, mRNA. RPS24 exonic SEQ ID 920 NM_001142283 Homo sapiens ribosomal protein S24 (RPS24), transcript variant e, mRNA. RPS24 exonic SEQ ID 921 NM_033022 Homo sapiens ribosomal protein S24 (RPS24), transcript variant a, mRNA. RPS24 exonic SEQ ID 922 NM_001026 Homo sapiens ribosomal protein S24 (RPS24), transcript variant c, mRNA. RPS24 exonic SEQ ID 923 NM_001142282 Homo sapiens ribosomal protein S24 (RPS24), transcript variant f, mRNA. GPR20 exonic SEQ ID 924 NM_005293 Homo sapiens G protein-coupled receptor 20 (GPR20), mRNA. LOC731779 exonic SEQ ID 925 NR_024441 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC731779 (LOC731779), non-coding RNA. PTP4A3 exonic SEQ ID 926 NM_032611 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA, member 3 (PTP4A3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PTP4A3 exonic SEQ ID 927 NM_007079 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA, member 3 (PTP4A3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. LRP2 exonic SEQ ID 928 NM_004525 Homo sapiens low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2), mRNA. LRRK2 exonic SEQ ID 929 NM_198578 Homo sapiens leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), mRNA. PCM1 exonic SEQ ID 930 NM_006197 Homo sapiens pericentriolar material 1 (PCM1), mRNA. MTUS1 exonic SEQ ID 931 NM_001001925 Homo sapiens microtubule associated tumor suppressor 1 (MTUS1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. MTUS1 exonic SEQ ID 932 NM_001001924 Homo sapiens microtubule associated tumor suppressor 1 (MTUS1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. FGL1 exonic SEQ ID 933 NM_004467 Homo sapiens fibrinogen-like 1 (FGL1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. FGL1 exonic SEQ ID 934 NM_201553 Homo sapiens fibrinogen-like 1 (FGL1), transcript variant 4, mRNA. FGL1 exonic SEQ ID 935 NM_201552 Homo sapiens fibrinogen-like 1 (FGL1), transcript variant 3, mRNA. FGL1 exonic SEQ ID 936 NM_147203 Homo sapiens fibrinogen-like 1 (FGL1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. MYO3B intronic SEQ ID 937 NR_045683 Homo sapiens myosin IIIB (MYO3B), transcript variant 4, non-coding RNA. MYO3B intronic SEQ ID 938 NM_001083615 Homo sapiens myosin IIIB (MYO3B), transcript variant 1, mRNA. MYO3B intronic SEQ ID 939 NR_045682 Homo sapiens myosin IIIB (MYO3B), transcript variant 3, non-coding RNA. MYO3B intronic SEQ ID 940 NM_138995 Homo sapiens myosin IIIB (MYO3B), transcript variant 2, mRNA. MYO3B intronic SEQ ID 941 NR_045684 Homo sapiens myosin IIIB (MYO3B), transcript variant 5, non-coding RNA. PLOD3 exonic SEQ ID 942 NM_001084 Homo sapiens procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 3 (PLOD3), mRNA. MOGAT3 exonic SEQ ID 943 NM_178176 Homo sapiens monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 3 (MOGAT3), mRNA. ZNHIT1 exonic SEQ ID 944 NM_006349 Homo sapiens zinc finger, HIT-type containing 1 (ZNHIT1), mRNA. PPIL4 exonic SEQ ID 945 NM_139126 Homo sapiens peptidylprolyl isomerase (cyclophilin)-like 4 (PPIL4), mRNA. PTPRA exonic SEQ ID 946 NM_080840 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, A (PTPRA), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PTPRA exonic SEQ ID 947 NM_002836 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, A (PTPRA), transcript variant 1, mRNA. PTPRA exonic SEQ ID 948 NM_080841 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, A (PTPRA), transcript variant 3, mRNA. PTPRC exonic SEQ ID 949 NM_080921 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C (PTPRC), transcript variant 2, mRNA. PTPRC exonic SEQ ID 950 NM_002838 Homo sapiens protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C (PTPRC), transcript variant 1, mRNA. FAM193A exonic SEQ ID 951 NM_001256666 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 193, member A (FAM193A), transcript variant 2, mRNA. FAM193A exonic SEQ ID 952 NM_001256667 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 193, member A (FAM193A), transcript variant 4, mRNA. FAM193A exonic SEQ ID 953 NM_001256668 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 193, member A (FAM193A), transcript variant 5, mRNA. FAM193A exonic SEQ ID 954 NM_003704 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 193, member A (FAM193A), transcript variant 1, mRNA. FAM193A exonic SEQ ID 955 NR_046336 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 193, member A (FAM193A), transcript variant 6, non-coding RNA. FAM193A exonic SEQ ID 956 NR_046335 Homo sapiens family with sequence similarity 193, member A (FAM193A), transcript variant 3, non-coding RNA. RNF4 exonic SEQ ID 957 NM_002938 Homo sapiens ring finger protein 4 (RNF4), transcript variant 2, mRNA. RNF4 exonic SEQ ID 958 NM_001185009 Homo sapiens ring finger protein 4 (RNF4), transcript variant 1, mRNA. RNF4 exonic SEQ ID 959 NM_001185010 Homo sapiens ring finger protein 4 (RNF4), transcript variant 3, mRNA. ROCK1 exonic SEQ ID 960 NM_005406 Homo sapiens Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), mRNA. RNF217 exonic SEQ ID 961 NM_152553 Homo sapiens ring finger protein 217 (RNF217), mRNA. SFRP1 exonic SEQ ID 962 NM_003012 Homo sapiens secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1), mRNA. SRF exonic SEQ ID 963 NM_003131 Homo sapiens serum response factor (c-fos serum response element-binding transcription factor) (SRF), mRNA. ISLR2 exonic SEQ ID 964 NM_020851 Homo sapiens immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat 2 (ISLR2), transcript variant 2, mRNA. LOC283731 exonic SEQ ID 965 NR_027073 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC283731 (LOC283731), non-coding RNA. ISLR2 exonic SEQ ID 966 NM_001130138 Homo sapiens immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat 2 (ISLR2), transcript variant 4, mRNA. ISLR2 exonic SEQ ID 967 NM_001130137 Homo sapiens immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat 2 (ISLR2), transcript variant 3, mRNA. ISLR2 exonic SEQ ID 968 NM_001130136 Homo sapiens immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat 2 (ISLR2), transcript variant 1, mRNA. STRA6 exonic SEQ ID 969 NM_001199041 Homo sapiens stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (mouse) (STRA6), transcript variant 7, mRNA. STRA6 exonic SEQ ID 970 NM_001142619 Homo sapiens stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (mouse) (STRA6), transcript variant 4, mRNA. STRA6 exonic SEQ ID 971 NM_001199040 Homo sapiens stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (mouse) (STRA6), transcript variant 6, mRNA. STRA6 exonic SEQ ID 972 NM_001142618 Homo sapiens stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (mouse) (STRA6), transcript variant 3, mRNA. STRA6 exonic SEQ ID 973 NM_001142617 Homo sapiens stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (mouse) (STRA6), transcript variant 1, mRNA. STRA6 exonic SEQ ID 974 NM_022369 Homo sapiens stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (mouse) (STRA6), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ISLR exonic SEQ ID 975 NM_201526 Homo sapiens immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat (ISLR), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ISLR exonic SEQ ID 976 NM_005545 Homo sapiens immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat (ISLR), transcript variant 1, mRNA. STRA6 exonic SEQ ID 977 NM_001142620 Homo sapiens stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (mouse) (STRA6), transcript variant 5, mRNA. STRA6 exonic SEQ ID 978 NM_001199042 Homo sapiens stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (mouse) (STRA6), transcript variant 8, mRNA. SMYD3 exonic SEQ ID 979 NM_022743 Homo sapiens SET and MYND domain containing 3 (SMYD3), transcript variant 2, mRNA. SMYD3 exonic SEQ ID 980 NM_001167740 Homo sapiens SET and MYND domain containing 3 (SMYD3), transcript variant 1, mRNA. CNST exonic SEQ ID 981 NM_001139459 Homo sapiens consortin, connexin sorting protein (CNST), transcript variant 2, mRNA. CNST exonic SEQ ID 982 NM_152609 Homo sapiens consortin, connexin sorting protein (CNST), transcript variant 1, mRNA. TFB2M exonic SEQ ID 983 NM_022366 Homo sapiens transcription factor B2, mitochondrial (TFB2M), nuclear gene encoding mitochondrial protein, mRNA. LOC255654 exonic SEQ ID 984 NR_040002 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC255654 (LOC255654), non-coding RNA. TRPM4 exonic SEQ ID 985 NM_001195227 Homo sapiens transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4 (TRPM4), transcript variant 2, mRNA. TRPM4 exonic SEQ ID 986 NM_017636 Homo sapiens transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4 (TRPM4), transcript variant 1, mRNA. USP14 exonic SEQ ID 987 NM_005151 Homo sapiens ubiquitin specific peptidase 14 (tRNA-guanine transglycosylase) (USP14), transcript variant 1, mRNA. USP14 exonic SEQ ID 988 NM_001037334 Homo sapiens ubiquitin specific peptidase 14 (tRNA-guanine transglycosylase) (USP14), transcript variant 2, mRNA. BOLL exonic SEQ ID 989 NM_033030 Homo sapiens bol, boule-like (Drosophila) (BOLL), transcript variant 2, mRNA. BOLL exonic SEQ ID 990 NM_197970 Homo sapiens bol, boule-like (Drosophila) (BOLL), transcript variant 1, mRNA. TBK1 exonic SEQ ID 991 NM_013254 Homo sapiens TANK-b inding kinase 1 (TBK1), mRNA. XPOT exonic SEQ ID 992 NM_007235 Homo sapiens exportin, tRNA (XPOT), mRNA. MIR548H4 exonic SEQ ID 993 NR_031680 Homo sapiens microRNA 548h-4 (MIR548H4), microRNA. AHI1 exonic SEQ ID 994 NM_017651 Homo sapiens Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1), transcript variant 2, mRNA. AHI1 exonic SEQ ID 995 NM_001134831 Homo sapiens Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1), transcript variant 1, mRNA. LINC00271 exonic SEQ ID 996 NR_026805 Homo sapiens long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 271 (LINC00271), non-coding RNA. AHI1 exonic SEQ ID 997 NM_001134832 Homo sapiens Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1), transcript variant 4, mRNA. AHI1 exonic SEQ ID 998 NM_001134830 Homo sapiens Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1), transcript variant 3, mRNA. ZFHX3 exonic SEQ ID 999 NM_001164766 Homo sapiens zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3), transcript variant B, mRNA. ZFHX3 exonic SEQ ID 1000 NM_006885 Homo sapiens zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3), transcript variant A, mRNA. HTA exonic SEQ ID 1001 NR_027756 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC283902 (HTA), non-coding RNA. LOC100506172 exonic SEQ ID 1002 NR_038234 Homo sapiens uncharacterized LOC100506172 (LOC100506172), non-coding RNA. HDAC9 exonic SEQ ID 1003 NM_001204144 Homo sapiens histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9), transcript variant 6, mRNA. ERG exonic SEQ ID 1004 NM_001243432 Homo sapiens v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (avian) (ERG), transcript variant 7, mRNA. ERG exonic SEQ ID 1005 NM_001243428 Homo sapiens v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (avian) (ERG), transcript variant 5, mRNA. ERG exonic SEQ ID 1006 NM_004449 Homo sapiens v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (avian) (ERG), transcript variant 2, mRNA. ERG exonic SEQ ID 1007 NM_001136154 Homo sapiens v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (avian) (ERG), transcript variant 3, mRNA. ERG exonic SEQ ID 1008 NM_001243429 Homo sapiens v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (avian) (ERG), transcript variant 6, mRNA. DSCR4 exonic SEQ ID 1009 NM_005867 Homo sapiens Down syndrome critical region gene 4 (DSCR4), mRNA. DSCR8 exonic SEQ ID 1010 NR_026842 Homo sapiens Down syndrome critical region gene 8 (DSCR8), transcript variant 2, non- coding RNA. DSCR8 exonic SEQ ID 1011 NR_026841 Homo sapiens Down syndrome critical region gene 8 (DSCR8), transcript variant 1, non- coding RNA. DSCR8 exonic SEQ ID 1012 NR_026839 Homo sapiens Down syndrome critical region gene 8 (DSCR8), transcript variant 3, non- coding RNA. DSCR8 exonic SEQ ID 1013 NR_026840 Homo sapiens Down syndrome critical region gene 8 (DSCR8), transcript variant 5, non- coding RNA. DSCR8 exonic SEQ ID 1014 NR_026838 Homo sapiens Down syndrome critical region gene 8 (DSCR8), transcript variant 4, non- coding RNA. DSCR10 exonic SEQ ID 1015 NR_027695 Homo sapiens Down syndrome critical region gene 10 (non-protein coding) (DSCR10), non-coding RNA. KCNJ15 exonic SEQ ID 1016 NM_002243 Homo sapiens potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 15 (KCNJ15), transcript variant 2, mRNA. KCNJ15 exonic SEQ ID 1017 NM_170737 Homo sapiens potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 15 (KCNJ15), transcript variant 3, mRNA. KCNJ15 exonic SEQ ID 1018 NM_170736 Homo sapiens potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 15 (KCNJ15), transcript variant 1, mRNA. ERG exonic SEQ ID 1019 NM_182918 Homo sapiens v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (avian) (ERG), transcript variant 1, mRNA. ERG exonic SEQ ID 1020 NM_001136155 Homo sapiens v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (avian) (ERG), transcript variant 4, mRNA.

Computer-Implemented Aspects

As understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the methods and information described herein (genetic variation association with neurological disorders) can be implemented, in all or in part, as computer executable instructions on known computer readable media. For example, the methods described herein can be implemented in hardware. Alternatively, the method can be implemented in software stored in, for example, one or more memories or other computer readable medium and implemented on one or more processors As is known, the processors can be associated with one or more controllers, calculation units and/or other units of a computer system, or implanted in firmware as desired. If implemented in software, the routines can be stored in any computer readable memory such as in RAM, ROM, flash memory, a magnetic disk, a laser disk, or other storage medium, as is also known. Likewise, this software can be delivered to a computing device via any known delivery method including, for example, over a communication channel such as a telephone line, the Internet, a wireless connection, etc., or via a transportable medium, such as a computer readable disk, flash drive, etc.

More generally, and as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art, the various steps described above can be implemented as various blocks, operations, tools, modules and techniques which, in turn, can be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination of hardware, firmware, and/or software. When implemented in hardware, some or all of the blocks, operations, techniques, etc. can be implemented in, for example, a custom integrated circuit (IC), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable logic array (FPGA), a programmable logic array (PLA), etc.

Results from such genotyping can be stored in a data storage unit, such as a data carrier, including computer databases, data storage disks, or by other convenient data storage means. In certain embodiments, the computer database is an object database, a relational database or a post-relational database. Data can be retrieved from the data storage unit using any convenient data query method.

When implemented in software, the software can be stored in any known computer readable medium such as on a magnetic disk, an optical disk, or other storage medium, in a RAM or ROM or flash memory of a computer, processor, hard disk drive, optical disk drive, tape drive, etc. Likewise, the software can be delivered to a user or a computing system via any known delivery method including, for example, on a computer readable disk or other transportable computer storage mechanism.

The steps of the claimed methods can be operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that can be suitable for use with the methods or system of the claims include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.

The steps of the claimed method and system can be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, and/or data structures that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The methods and apparatus can also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In both integrated and distributed computing environments, program modules can be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices. Numerous alternative embodiments could be implemented, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this application, which would still fall within the scope of the claims defining the disclosure.

While the risk evaluation system and method, and other elements, have been described as preferably being implemented in software, they can be implemented in hardware, firmware, etc., and can be implemented by any other processor. Thus, the elements described herein can be implemented in a standard multi-purpose CPU or on specifically designed hardware or firmware such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or other hard-wired device as desired. When implemented in software, the software routine can be stored in any computer readable memory such as on a magnetic disk, a laser disk, or other storage medium, in a RAM or ROM of a computer or processor, in any database, etc. Likewise, this software can be delivered to a user or a screening system via any known or desired delivery method including, for example, on a computer readable disk or other transportable computer storage mechanism or over a communication channel, for example, a telephone line, the internet, or wireless communication. Modifications and variations can be made in the techniques and structures described and illustrated herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

PD Therapeutics

There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but medications, surgery and multidisciplinary management can provide relief from the symptoms. The main families of drugs useful for treating motor symptoms are levodopa (usually combined with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor or COMT inhibitor), dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors. The stage of the disease determines which group is most useful. Two stages are usually distinguished: an initial stage in which the individual with PD has already developed some disability for which he needs pharmacological treatment, then a second stage in which an individual develops motor complications related to levodopa usage. Treatment in the initial stage aims for an optimal tradeoff between good symptom control and side-effects resulting from enhancement of dopaminergic function. The start of levodopa (or L-DOPA) treatment may be delayed by using other medications such as MAO-B inhibitors and dopamine agonists, in the hope of delaying the onset of dyskinesias. In the second stage the aim is to reduce symptoms while controlling fluctuations of the response to medication. Sudden withdrawals from medication or overuse have to be managed. When medications are not enough to control symptoms, surgery and deep brain stimulation can be of use. In the final stages of the disease, palliative care is provided to enhance quality of life.

Levodopa has been the most widely used treatment for over 30 years. L-DOPA is converted into dopamine in the dopaminergic neurons by dopa decarboxylase. Since motor symptoms are produced by a lack of dopamine in the substantia nigra, the administration of L-DOPA temporarily diminishes the motor symptoms. Only 5-10% of L-DOPA crosses the blood-brain barrier. The remainder is often metabolized to dopamine elsewhere, causing a variety of side effects including nausea, dyskinesias and joint stiffness. Carbidopa and benserazide are peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitors, which help to prevent the metabolism of L-DOPA before it reaches the dopaminergic neurons, therefore reducing side effects and increasing bioavailability. They are generally given as combination preparations with levodopa. Existing preparations are carbidopa/levodopa (co-careldopa) and benserazide/levodopa (co-beneldopa). Levodopa has been related to dopamine dysregulation syndrome, which is a compulsive overuse of the medication, and punding. There are controlled release versions of levodopa in the form intravenous and intestinal infusions that spread out the effect of the medication. These slow-release levodopa preparations have not shown an increased control of motor symptoms or motor complications when compared to immediate release preparations.

Tolcapone inhibits the COMT enzyme, which degrades dopamine, thereby prolonging the effects of levodopa. It has been used to complement levodopa; however, its usefulness is limited by possible side effects such as liver damage. A similarly effective drug, entacapone, has not been shown to cause significant alterations of liver function. Licensed preparations of entacapone contain entacapone alone or in combination with carbidopa and levodopa.

Levodopa preparations lead in the long term to the development of motor complications characterized by involuntary movements called dyskinesias and fluctuations in the response to medication. When this occurs a person with PD can change from phases with good response to medication and few symptoms (“on” state), to phases with no response to medication and significant motor symptoms (“off” state). For this reason, levodopa doses are kept as low as possible while maintaining functionality. Delaying the initiation of therapy with levodopa by using alternatives (dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors) is common practice. A former strategy to reduce motor complications was to withdraw L-DOPA medication for some time. This is discouraged now, since it can bring dangerous side effects such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Most people with PD eventually need levodopa and later develop motor side effects.

Several dopamine agonists that bind to dopaminergic post-synaptic receptors in the brain have similar effects to levodopa. These were initially used for individuals experiencing on-off fluctuations and dyskinesias as a complementary therapy to levodopa; they are now mainly used on their own as an initial therapy for motor symptoms with the aim of delaying motor complications. When used in late PD they are useful at reducing the off periods. Dopamine agonists include bromocriptine, pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole, piribedil, cabergoline, apomorphine and lisuride.

Dopamine agonists produce significant, although usually mild, side effects including drowsiness, hallucinations, insomnia, nausea and constipation. Sometimes side effects appear even at a minimal clinically effective dose, leading the physician to search for a different drug. Compared with levodopa, dopamine agonists may delay motor complications of medication use but are less effective at controlling symptoms. Nevertheless, they are usually effective enough to manage symptoms in the initial years. They tend to be more expensive than levodopa. Dyskinesias due to dopamine agonists are rare in younger people who have PD, but along with other side effects, become more common with age at onset. Thus dopamine agonists are the preferred initial treatment for earlier onset, as opposed to levodopa in later onset. Agonists have been related to impulse control disorders (such as compulsive sexual activity and eating, and pathological gambling and shopping) even more strongly than levodopa.

Apomorphine, a non-orally administered dopamine agonist, may be used to reduce off periods and dyskinesia in late PD. It is administered by intermittent injections or continuous subcutaneous infusions. Since secondary effects such as confusion and hallucinations are common, individuals receiving apomorphine treatment should be closely monitored. Two dopamine agonists that are administered through skin patches (lisuride and rotigotine) have been recently found to be useful for patients in initial stages and preliminary positive results has been published on the control of off states in patients in the advanced state.

MAO-B inhibitors (selegiline and rasagiline) increase the level of dopamine in the basal ganglia by blocking its metabolism. They inhibit monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) which breaks down dopamine secreted by the dopaminergic neurons. The reduction in MAO-B activity results in increased L-DOPA in the striatum. Like dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors used as monotherapy improve motor symptoms and delay the need for levodopa in early disease, but produce more adverse effects and are less effective than levodopa. There are few studies of their effectiveness in the advanced stage, although results suggest that they are useful to reduce fluctuations between on and off periods. An initial study indicated that selegiline in combination with levodopa increased the risk of death, but this was later disproven.

Other drugs such as amantadine and anticholinergics may be useful as treatment of motor symptoms. However, the evidence supporting them lacks quality, so they are not first choice treatments. In addition to motor symptoms, PD is accompanied by a diverse range of symptoms. A number of drugs have been used to treat some of these problems. Examples are the use of clozapine for psychosis, cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia, and modafinil for daytime sleepiness. A 2010 meta-analysis found that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (apart from acetaminophen and aspirin), have been associated with at least a 15 percent (higher in long-term and regular users) reduction of incidence of the development of Parkinson's disease.

Treating motor symptoms with surgery was once a common practice, but since the discovery of levodopa, the number of operations declined. Studies in the past few decades have led to great improvements in surgical techniques, so that surgery is again being used in people with advanced PD for whom drug therapy is no longer sufficient. Surgery for PD can be divided in two main groups: lesional and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Target areas for DBS or lesions include the thalamus, the globus pallidus or the subthalamic nucleus. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the most commonly used surgical treatment. It involves the implantation of a medical device called a brain pacemaker, which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the brain. DBS is recommended for people who have PD who suffer from motor fluctuations and tremor inadequately controlled by medication, or to those who are intolerant to medication, as long as they do not have severe neuropsychiatric problems. Other, less common, surgical therapies involve the formation of lesions in specific subcortical areas (a technique known as pallidotomy in the case of the lesion being produced in the globus pallidus).

There is some evidence that speech or mobility problems can improve with rehabilitation, although studies are scarce and of low quality. Regular physical exercise with or without physiotherapy can be beneficial to maintain and improve mobility, flexibility, strength, gait speed, and quality of life. However, when an exercise program is performed under the supervision of a physiotherapist, there are more improvements in motor symptoms, mental and emotional functions, daily living activities, and quality of life compared to a self-supervised exercise program at home. In terms of improving flexibility and range of motion for patients experiencing rigidity, generalized relaxation techniques such as gentle rocking have been found to decrease excessive muscle tension. Other effective techniques to promote relaxation include slow rotational movements of the extremities and trunk, rhythmic initiation, diaphragmatic breathing, and meditation techniques. As for gait and addressing the challenges associated with the disease such as hypokinesia (slowness of movement), shuffling and decreased arm swing; physiotherapists have a variety of strategies to improve functional mobility and safety. Areas of interest with respect to gait during rehabilitation programs focus on but are not limited to improving gait speed, base of support, stride length, trunk and arm swing movement. Strategies include utilizing assistive equipment (pole walking and treadmill walking), verbal cueing (manual, visual and auditory), exercises (marching and PNF patterns) and altering environments (surfaces, inputs, open vs. closed). Strengthening exercises have shown improvements in strength and motor function for patients with primary muscular weakness and weakness related to inactivity with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. However, reports show a significant interaction between strength and the time the medications was taken. Therefore, it is recommended that patients should perform exercises 45 minutes to one hour after medications, when the patient is at their best. Also, due to the forward flexed posture, and respiratory dysfunctions in advanced Parkinson's disease, deep diaphragmatic breathing exercises are beneficial in improving chest wall mobility and vital capacity. Exercise may improve constipation.

One of the most widely practiced treatments for speech disorders associated with Parkinson's disease is the Lee Silverman voice treatment (LSVT). Speech therapy and specifically LSVT may improve speech. Occupational therapy (OT) aims to promote health and quality of life by helping people with the disease to participate in as many of their daily living activities as possible. There have been few studies on the effectiveness of OT and their quality is poor, although there is some indication that it may improve motor skills and quality of life for the duration of the therapy.

Muscles and nerves that control the digestive process may be affected by PD, resulting in constipation and gastroparesis (food remaining in the stomach for a longer period of time than normal). A balanced diet, based on periodical nutritional assessments, is recommended and should be designed to avoid weight loss or gain and minimize consequences of gastrointestinal dysfunction. As the disease advances, swallowing difficulties (dysphagia) may appear. In such cases it may be helpful to use thickening agents for liquid intake and an upright posture when eating, both measures reducing the risk of choking. Gastrostomy to deliver food directly into the stomach is possible in severe cases.

Levodopa and proteins use the same transportation system in the intestine and the blood-brain barrier, thereby competing for access. When they are taken together, this results in a reduced effectiveness of the drug. Therefore, when levodopa is introduced, excessive protein consumption is discouraged and well balanced Mediterranean diet is recommended. In advanced stages, additional intake of low-protein products such as bread or pasta is recommended for similar reasons. To minimize interaction with proteins, levodopa should be taken 30 minutes before meals. At the same time, regimens for PD restrict proteins during breakfast and lunch, allowing protein intake in the evening. A person skilled in the art will appreciate and understand that the genetic variants described herein in general may not, by themselves, provide an absolute identification of individuals who can develop a neurological disorder or related conditions. The variants described herein can indicate increased and/or decreased likelihood that individuals carrying the at-risk or protective variants of the disclosure can develop symptoms associated with a neurological disorder. This information can be used to, for example, initiate preventive measures at an early stage, perform regular physical and/or mental exams to monitor the progress and/or appearance of symptoms, or to schedule exams at a regular interval to identify early symptoms, so as to be able to apply treatment at an early stage. This is in particular important since neurological disorders and related disorders are heterogeneous disorders with symptoms that can be individually vague. Screening criteria can comprise a number of symptoms to be present over a period of time; therefore, it is important to be able to establish additional risk factors that can aid in the screening, or facilitate the screening through in-depth phenotyping and/or more frequent examination, or both. For example, individuals with early symptoms that typically are not individually associated with a clinical screening of a neurological disorder and carry an at-risk genetic variation can benefit from early therapeutic treatment, or other preventive measure, or more rigorous supervision or more frequent examination. Likewise, individuals that have a family history of the disease, or are carriers of other risk factors associated with a neurological disorder can, in the context of additionally carrying at least one at-risk genetic variation, benefit from early therapy or other treatment.

Early symptoms of behavioral disorders such as a neurological disorder and related conditions may not be sufficient to fulfill standardized screening criteria. To fulfill those, a certain pattern of symptoms and behavioral disturbance needs to manifest itself over a period of time. Sometimes, certain physical characteristics can also be present. This makes at-risk genetic variants valuable in a screening setting, in particular high-risk variants. Determination of the presence of such variants warrants increased monitoring of the individual in question. Appearance of symptoms combined with the presence of such variants facilitates early screening, which makes early treatment possible. Genetic testing can thus be used to aid in the screening of disease in its early stages, before all criteria for formal screening criteria are all fulfilled. It is well established that early treatment is extremely important for neurological disorders and related disorders, which lends further support to the value of genetic testing for early diagnosis, prognosis, or theranosis of these disorders.

The present disclosure provides methods for identifying compounds or agents that can be used to treat a neurological disorder. Thus, the genetic variations and associated polypeptides of the disclosure are useful as targets for the identification and/or development of therapeutic agents. In certain embodiments, such methods include assaying the ability of an agent or compound to modulate the activity and/or expression of a nucleic acid that is associated with at least one genetic variation described herein, encoded products of the gene sequence, and any other molecules or polypeptides associated with these genes. This in turn can be used to identify agents or compounds that inhibit, enhance, or alter the undesired activity, localization, binding and/or expression of the encoded nucleic acid product, such as mRNA or polypeptides. For example, in some embodiments, small molecule drugs can be developed to target the aberrant polypeptide(s) or RNA(s) resulting from specific disease-causing mutation(s) within a gene, such as described in: Peltz et al. (2009) RNA Biology 6(3):329-34; Van Goor et al. (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106(44):18825-30; Van Goor et al. (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108(46):18843-8; Ramsey et al. (2011) N. Engl. J. Med. 365(18):1663-72. The polypeptides associated with the CNVs listed in Table 1 are described in Table 4 as the accession number (accession) of mRNAs that would encode said polypeptides. Assays for performing such experiments can be performed in cell-based systems or in cell-free systems, as known to the skilled person. Cell-based systems include cells naturally expressing the nucleic acids of interest, or recombinant cells that have been genetically modified so as to express a certain desired nucleic acid molecule.

Variant gene expression in a subject can be assessed by expression of a variant-containing nucleic acid sequence or by altered expression of a normal/wild-type nucleic acid sequence due to variants affecting the level or pattern of expression of the normal transcripts, for example, variants in the regulatory or control region of the gene. Assays for gene expression include direct nucleic acid assays (mRNA), assays for expressed polypeptide levels, or assays of collateral compounds involved in a pathway, for example, a signal pathway. Furthermore, the expression of genes that are up- or down-regulated in response to the signal pathway can also be assayed. One embodiment includes operably linking a reporter gene, such as luciferase, to the regulatory region of one or more gene of interest.

Modulators of gene expression can in some embodiments be identified when a cell is contacted with a candidate compound or agent, and the expression of mRNA is determined. The expression level of mRNA in the presence of the candidate compound or agent is compared to the expression level in the absence of the compound or agent. Based on this comparison, candidate compounds or agents for treating a neurological disorder can be identified as those modulating the gene expression of the variant gene, or gene expression of one or more other genes occurring within the same biological pathway or known, for example, to be binding partners of the variant gene. When expression of mRNA or the encoded polypeptide is statistically significantly greater in the presence of the candidate compound or agent than in its absence, then the candidate compound or agent is identified as a stimulator or up-regulator of expression of the nucleic acid. When nucleic acid expression or polypeptide level is statistically significantly less in the presence of the candidate compound or agent than in its absence, then the candidate compound can be identified as an inhibitor or down-regulator of the nucleic acid expression. The disclosure further provides methods of treatment using a compound identified through drug (compound and/or agent) screening as a gene modulator.

The genetic variations described herein can be used to identify novel therapeutic targets for a neurological disorder. For example, genes containing, or in linkage disequilibrium with, the genetic variations, or their products, as well as genes or their products that are directly or indirectly regulated by or interact with these variant genes or their products, can be targeted for the development of therapeutic agents to treat a neurological disorder, or prevent or delay onset of symptoms associated with a neurological disorder. Therapeutic agents can comprise one or more of, for example, small non-polypeptide and non-nucleic acids, polypeptides, peptides, polypeptide fragments, nucleic acids (RNA, DNA, RNAJ, PNA (peptide nucleic acids), or their derivatives or mimetics which can modulate the function and/or levels of the target genes or their gene products. In some embodiments, treatment of PD can comprise treatment of one of the genes, or gene products derived thereof, such as mRNA or a polypeptide, with one or more of the therapeutics disclosed herein. In some embodiments, treatment of PD can comprise treatment of 2 or 3, or 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10 or more of the genes, or gene products derived there from, with 2 or 3, or 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10 or more of the therapeutics disclosed herein.

RNA Therapeutics

The nucleic acids and/or variants of the disclosure, or nucleic acids comprising their complementary sequence, can be used as antisense constructs to control gene expression in cells, tissues or organs. The methodology associated with antisense techniques is well known to the skilled artisan, and is described and reviewed in Antisense Drug Technology: Principles, Strategies, and Applications, Crooke, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York (2001) In general, antisense nucleic acids are designed to be complementary to a region of mRNA expressed by a gene, so that the antisense molecule hybridizes to the mRNA, thus blocking translation of the mRNA into a polypeptide Several classes of antisense oligonucleotide are known to those skilled in the art, including cleavers and blockers. The former bind to target RNA sites, activate intracellular nucleases {e.g., Rnase H or Rnase L) that cleave the target RNA. Blockers bind to target RNA, inhibit polypeptide translation by steric hindrance of the ribosomes. Examples of blockers include nucleic acids, morpholino compounds, locked nucleic acids and methylphosphonates (Thompson, Drug Discovery Today, 7:912-917 (2002)) Antisense oligonucleotides are useful directly as therapeutic agents, and are also useful for determining and validating gene function, for example, by gene knock-out or gene knock-down experiments. Antisense technology is further described in Lavery et al., Curr. Opin. Drug Discov Devel 6 561-569 (2003), Stephens et al., Curr. Opin. Mol Ther. 5.118-122 (2003), Kurreck, Eur. J. Biochem. 270.1628-44 (2003), Dias et al, Mol Cancer Ter. 1-347-55 (2002), Chen, Methods Mol Med. 75:621-636 (2003), Wang et al., Curr Cancer Drug Targets 1.177-96 (2001), and Bennett, Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug. Dev. 12 215-24 (2002)

The variants described herein can be used for the selection and design of antisense reagents that are specific for particular variants (e.g., particular genetic variations, or polymorphic markers in LD with particular genetic variations). Using information about the variants described herein, antisense oligonucleotides or other antisense molecules that specifically target mRNA molecules that contain one or more variants of the disclosure can be designed. In this manner, expression of mRNA molecules that contain one or more variant of the present disclosure (markers and/or haplotypes) can be inhibited or blocked In some embodiments, the antisense molecules are designed to specifically bind a particular allelic form (i.e., one or several variants (alleles and/or haplotypes)) of the target nucleic acid, thereby inhibiting translation of a product originating from this specific allele or haplotype, but which do not bind other or alternate variants at the specific polymorphic sites of the target nucleic acid molecule.

As antisense molecules can be used to inactivate mRNA so as to inhibit gene expression, and thus polypeptide expression, the molecules can be used to treat a disease or disorder, such as a neurological disorder. The methodology can involve cleavage by means of ribozymes containing nucleotide sequences complementary to one or more regions in the mRNA that attenuate the ability of the mRNA to be translated Such mRNA regions include, for example, polypeptide-coding regions, in particular polypeptide-coding regions corresponding to catalytic activity, substrate and/or ligand binding sites, or other functional domains of a polypeptide.

The phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) has been actively studied for the last decade, since its original discovery in C. elegans (Fire et al., Nature 391:806-11 (1998)), and in recent years its potential use in treatment of human disease has been actively pursued (reviewed in Kim & Rossi, Nature Rev, Genet. 8: 173-204 (2007)). RNA interference (RNAi), also called gene silencing, is based on using double-stranded RNA molecules (dsRNA) to turn off specific genes. In the cell, cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA molecules (dsRNA) are processed by cellular complexes into small interfering RNA (siRNA). The siRNA guide the targeting of a polypeptide-RNA complex to specific sites on a target mRNA, leading to cleavage of the mRNA (Thompson, Drug Discovery Today, 7:912-917 (2002)). The siRNA molecules are typically about 20, 21, 22 or 23 nucleotides in length. Thus, one aspect of the disclosure relates to isolated nucleic acid sequences, and the use of those molecules for RNA interference, for example, as small interfering RNA molecules (siRNA). In some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid sequences can be 18-26 nucleotides in length, preferably 19-25 nucleotides in length, more preferably 20-24 nucleotides in length, and more preferably 21, 22 or 23 nucleotides in length.

Another pathway for RNAi-mediated gene silencing originates in endogenously encoded primary microRNA (pn-miRNA) transcripts, which are processed in the cell to generate precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA). These miRNA molecules are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where they undergo processing to generate mature miRNA molecules (miRNA), which direct translational inhibition by recognizing target sites in the 3′ untranslated regions of mRNAs, and subsequent mRNA degradation by processing P-bodies (reviewed in Kim & Rossi, Nature Rev. Genet. 8: 173-204 (2007)).

Clinical applications of RNAi include the incorporation of synthetic siRNA duplexes, which preferably are approximately 20-23 nucleotides in size, and preferably have 3′ overlaps of 2 nucleotides. Knockdown of gene expression is established by sequence-specific design for the target mRNA. Several commercial sites for optimal design and synthesis of such molecules are known to those skilled in the art.

Other applications provide longer siRNA molecules (typically 25-30 nucleotides in length, preferably about 27 nucleotides), as well as small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs; typically about 29 nucleotides in length). The latter are naturally expressed, as described in Amarzguioui et al. (FEBS Lett. 579:5974-81 (2005)). Chemically synthetic siRNAs and shRNAs are substrates for in vivo processing, and in some cases provide more potent gene-silencing than shorter designs (Kim et al., Nature Biotechnol. 23:222-226 (2005); Siola et al., Nature Biotechnol. 23:227-231 (2005)). In general siRNAs provide for transient silencing of gene expression, because their intracellular concentration is diluted by subsequent cell divisions. By contrast, expressed shRNAs mediate long-term, stable knockdown of target transcripts, for as long as transcription of the shRNA takes place (Marques et al., Nature Biotechnol. 23.559-565 (2006), Brummelkamp et al., Science 296. 550-553 (2002)).

Since RNAi molecules, including siRNA, miRNA and shRNA, act in a sequence-dependent manner, variants described herein can be used to design RNAi reagents that recognize specific nucleic acids comprising specific genetic variations, alleles and/or haplotypes, while not recognizing nucleic acid sequences not comprising the genetic variation, or comprising other alleles or haplotypes. These RNAi reagents can thus recognize and destroy the target nucleic acid sequences. As with antisense reagents, RNAi reagents can be useful as therapeutic agents (i.e., for turning off disease-associated genes or disease-associated gene variants), but can also be useful for characterizing and validating gene function (e.g., by gene knock-out or gene knock-down experiments).

Delivery of RNAi can be performed by a range of methodologies known to those skilled in the art. Methods utilizing non-viral delivery include cholesterol, stable nucleic acid-lipid particle (SNALP), heavy-chain antibody fragment (Fab), aptamers and nanoparticles Viral delivery methods include use of lentivirus, adenovirus and adeno-associated virus The siRNA molecules are in some embodiments chemically modified to increase their stability. This can include modifications at the 2′ position of the ribose, including 2′-O-methylpunnes and 2′-fluoropyrimidmes, which provide resistance to RNase activity. Other chemical modifications are possible and known to those skilled in the art.

The following references provide a further summary of RNAi, and possibilities for targeting specific genes using RNAi: Kim & Rossi, Nat. Rev. Genet. 8: 173-184 (2007), Chen & Rajewsky, Nat. Rev. Genet. 8: 93-103 (2007), Reynolds, et al., Nat. Biotechnol 22 326-330 (2004), Chi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sa. USA 100-6343-6346 (2003), Vickers et al., J Biol Chem. 278:7108-7118 (2003), Agami, Curr Opin. Chem. Biol. 6:829-834 (2002), Lavery, et al., Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. 6:561-569 (2003), Shi, Trends Genet. 19:9-12 (2003), Shuey et al., Drug Discov. Today 7 1040-46 (2002), McManus et al., Nat. Rev. Genet. 3.737-747 (2002), Xia et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 20.1006-10 (2002), Plasterk et al., Curr. Opin Genet. Dev. 10 562-7 (2000), Bosher et al., Nat. Cell Biol. 2:E31-6 (2000), and Hunter, Curr. Biol. 9:R440-442 (1999).

A genetic defect leading to increased predisposition or risk for development of a disease, including a neurological disorder, or a defect causing the disease, can be corrected permanently by administering to a subject carrying the defect a nucleic acid fragment that incorporates a repair sequence that supplies the normal/wild-type nucleotide(s) at the site of the genetic defect. Such site-specific repair sequence can encompass an RNA/DNA oligonucleotide that operates to promote endogenous repair of a subject's genomic DNA. The administration of the repair sequence can be performed by an appropriate vehicle, such as a complex with polyethelamine, encapsulated in anionic liposomes, a viral vector such as an adenovirus vector, or other pharmaceutical compositions suitable for promoting intracellular uptake of the administered nucleic acid The genetic defect can then be overcome, since the chimeric oligonucleotides induce the incorporation of the normal sequence into the genome of the subject, leading to expression of the normal/wild-type gene product. The replacement is propagated, thus rendering a permanent repair and alleviation of the symptoms associated with the disease or condition.

Double stranded oligonucleotides are formed by the assembly of two distinct oligonucleotide sequences where the oligonucleotide sequence of one strand is complementary to the oligonucleotide sequence of the second strand; such double stranded oligonucleotides are generally assembled from two separate oligonucleotides (e.g., siRNA), or from a single molecule that folds on itself to form a double stranded structure (e.g., shRNA or short hairpin RNA). These double stranded oligonucleotides known in the art all have a common feature in that each strand of the duplex has a distinct nucleotide sequence, wherein only one nucleotide sequence region (guide sequence or the antisense sequence) has complementarity to a target nucleic acid sequence and the other strand (sense sequence) comprises nucleotide sequence that is homologous to the target nucleic acid sequence.

Double stranded RNA induced gene silencing can occur on at least three different levels: (i) transcription inactivation, which refers to RNA guided DNA or histone methylation; (ii) siRNA induced mRNA degradation; and (iii) mRNA induced transcriptional attenuation. It is generally considered that the major mechanism of RNA induced silencing (RNA interference, or RNAi) in mammalian cells is mRNA degradation. RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism that inhibits gene expression at the stage of translation or by hindering the transcription of specific genes. Specific RNAi pathway polypeptides are guided by the dsRNA to the targeted messenger RNA (mRNA), where they “cleave” the target, breaking it down into smaller portions that can no longer be translated into a polypeptide. Initial attempts to use RNAi in mammalian cells focused on the use of long strands of dsRNA. However, these attempts to induce RNAi met with limited success, due in part to the induction of the interferon response, which results in a general, as opposed to a target-specific, inhibition of polypeptide synthesis. Thus, long dsRNA is not a viable option for RNAi in mammalian systems. Another outcome is epigenetic changes to a gene—histone modification and DNA methylation—affecting the degree the gene is transcribed.

More recently it has been shown that when short (18-30 bp) RNA duplexes are introduced into mammalian cells in culture, sequence-specific inhibition of target mRNA can be realized without inducing an interferon response. Certain of these short dsRNAs, referred to as small inhibitory RNAs (“siRNAs”), can act catalytically at sub-molar concentrations to cleave greater than 95% of the target mRNA in the cell. A description of the mechanisms for siRNA activity, as well as some of its applications are described in Provost et al., Ribonuclease Activity and RNA Binding of Recombinant Human Dicer, E.M.B.O. J., 2002 Nov. 1; 21(21): 5864-5874; Tabara et al., The dsRNA Binding Protein RDE-4 Interacts with RDE-1, DCR-1 and a DexH-box Helicase to Direct RNAi in C. elegans, Cell 2002, Jun. 28; 109(7):861-71; Ketting et al., Dicer Functions in RNA Interference and in Synthesis of Small RNA Involved in Neurological Timing in C. elegans; Martinez et al., Single-Stranded Antisense siRNAs Guide Target RNA Cleavage in RNAi, Cell 2002, Sep. 6; 110(5):563; Hutvagner & Zamore, A microRNA in a multiple-turnover RNAi enzyme complex, Science 2002, 297:2056.

From a mechanistic perspective, introduction of long double stranded RNA into plants and invertebrate cells is broken down into siRNA by a Type III endonuclease known as Dicer. Sharp, RNA interference—2001, Genes Dev. 2001, 15:485. Dicer, a ribonuclease-III-like enzyme, processes the dsRNA into 19-23 base pair short interfering RNAs with characteristic two base 3′ overhangs. Bernstein, Caudy, Hammond, & Hannon, Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference, Nature 2001, 409:363. The siRNAs are then incorporated into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) where one or more helicases unwind the siRNA duplex, enabling the complementary antisense strand to guide target recognition (Nykanen, Haley, & Zamore, ATP requirements and small interfering RNA structure in the RNA interference pathway, Cell 2001, 107:309). Upon binding to the appropriate target mRNA, one or more endonucleases within the RISC cleaves the target to induce silencing. Elbashir, Lendeckel, & Tuschl, RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs, Genes Dev 2001, 15:188, FIG. 1 .

Generally, the antisense sequence is retained in the active RISC complex and guides the RISC to the target nucleotide sequence by means of complementary base-pairing of the antisense sequence with the target sequence for mediating sequence-specific RNA interference. It is known in the art that in some cell culture systems, certain types of unmodified siRNAs can exhibit “off target” effects. It is hypothesized that this off-target effect involves the participation of the sense sequence instead of the antisense sequence of the siRNA in the RISC complex (see for example, Schwarz et al., 2003, Cell, 115, 199-208). In this instance the sense sequence is believed to direct the RISC complex to a sequence (off-target sequence) that is distinct from the intended target sequence, resulting in the inhibition of the off-target sequence. In these double stranded nucleic acid sequences, each strand is complementary to a distinct target nucleic acid sequence. However, the off-targets that are affected by these dsRNAs are not entirely predictable and are non-specific.

The term “siRNA” refers to small inhibitory RNA duplexes that induce the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. These molecules can vary in length (generally between 18-30 basepairs) and contain varying degrees of complementarity to their target mRNA in the antisense strand. Some, but not all, siRNA have unpaired overhanging bases on the 5′ or 3′ end of the sense strand and/or the antisense strand. The term “siRNA” includes duplexes of two separate strands, as well as single strands that can form hairpin structures comprising a duplex region. Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, are a class of 20-25 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA molecules that play a variety of roles in biology.

While the two RNA strands do not need to be completely complementary, the strands should be sufficiently complementary to hybridize to form a duplex structure. In some instances, the complementary RNA strand can be less than 30 nucleotides, preferably less than 25 nucleotides in length, more preferably 19 to 24 nucleotides in length, more preferably 20-23 nucleotides in length, and even more preferably 22 nucleotides in length. The dsRNA of the present disclosure can further comprise at least one single-stranded nucleotide overhang. The dsRNA of the present disclosure can further comprise a substituted or chemically modified nucleotide. As discussed in detail below, the dsRNA can be synthesized by standard methods known in the art.

siRNA can be divided into five (5) groups including non-functional, semi-functional, functional, highly functional, and hyper-functional based on the level or degree of silencing that they induce in cultured cell lines. As used herein, these definitions are based on a set of conditions where the siRNA is transfected into the cell line at a concentration of 100 nM and the level of silencing is tested at a time of roughly 24 hours after transfection, and not exceeding 72 hours after transfection. In this context, “non-functional siRNA” are defined as those siRNA that induce less than 50% (<50%) target silencing. “Semi-functional siRNA” induce 50-79% target silencing. “Functional siRNA” are molecules that induce 80-95% gene silencing. “Highly-functional siRNA” are molecules that induce greater than 95% gene silencing. “Hyperfunctional siRNA” are a special class of molecules. For purposes of this document, hyperfunctional siRNA are defined as those molecules that: (1) induce greater than 95% silencing of a specific target when they are transfected at subnanomolar concentrations (i.e., less than one nanomolar); and/or (2) induce functional (or better) levels of silencing for greater than 96 hours. These relative functionalities (though not intended to be absolutes) can be used to compare siRNAs to a particular target for applications such as functional genomics, target identification and therapeutics.

microRNAs (miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulate gene expression. miRNAs are encoded by genes that are transcribed from DNA but not translated into a polypeptide (non-coding RNA); instead they are processed from primary transcripts known as pri-miRNA to short stem-loop structures called pre-miRNA and finally to functional miRNA. Mature miRNA molecules are partially complementary to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, and their main function is to downregulate gene expression.

Antibody-Based Therapeutics

The present disclosure embodies agents that modulate a peptide sequence or RNA expressed from a gene associated with a neurological disorder. The term “biomarker”, as used herein, can comprise a genetic variation of the present disclosure or a gene product, for example, RNA and polypeptides, of any one of the genes listed in Table 2 or 3 or nucleotide transcripts of Table 4. Such modulating agents include, but are not limited to, polypeptides, peptidomimetics, peptoids, or any other forms of a molecule, which bind to, and alter the signaling or function associated with the a neurological disorder associated biomarker, have an inhibitory or stimulatory effect on the neurological disorder associated biomarkers, or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the expression or activity of the a neurological disorder associated biomarkers' ligands, for example, polyclonal antibodies and/or monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind one form of the gene product but not to the other form of the gene product are also provided, or which bind a portion of either the variant or the reference gene product that contains the polymorphic site or sites.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides antibody-based agents targeting a neurological disorder associated biomarkers. The antibody-based agents in any suitable form of an antibody e.g., monoclonal, polyclonal, or synthetic, can be utilized in the therapeutic methods disclosed herein. The antibody-based agents include any target-binding fragment of an antibody and also peptibodies, which are engineered therapeutic molecules that can bind to human drug targets and contain peptides linked to the constant domains of antibodies. In some embodiments, the antibodies used for targeting a neurological disorder associated biomarkers are humanized antibodies. Methods for humanizing antibodies are well known in the art. In some embodiments, the therapeutic antibodies comprise an antibody generated against a neurological disorder associated biomarkers described in the present disclosure, wherein the antibodies are conjugated to another agent or agents, for example, a cytotoxic agent or agents.

The term “antibody” as used herein refers to immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain antigen-binding sites that specifically bind an antigen. A molecule that specifically binds to a polypeptide of the disclosure is a molecule that binds to that polypeptide or a fragment thereof, but does not substantially bind other molecules in a nucleic acid sample, which naturally contains the polypeptide. Examples of immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules include F(ab) and F(ab′)2 fragments which can be generated by treating the antibody with an enzyme such as pepsin. The disclosure provides polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that bind to a polypeptide of the disclosure. The term “monoclonal antibody” or “monoclonal antibody composition”, as used herein, refers to a population of antibody molecules that contain only one species of an antigen binding site capable of immunoreacting with a particular epitope of a polypeptide of the disclosure. A monoclonal antibody composition thus typically displays a single binding affinity for a particular polypeptide of the disclosure with which it immunoreacts.

Polyclonal antibodies can be prepared as described above by immunizing a suitable subject with a desired immunogen, e.g., polypeptide of the disclosure or a fragment thereof. The antibody titer in the immunized subject can be monitored over time by standard techniques, such as with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using immobilized polypeptide. If desired, the antibody molecules directed against the polypeptide can be isolated from the mammal (e.g., from the blood) and further purified by well-known techniques, such as protein A chromatography to obtain the IgG fraction. At an appropriate time after immunization, e.g., when the antibody titers are highest, antibody-producing cells can be obtained from the subject and used to prepare monoclonal antibodies by standard techniques, such as the hybndoma technique originally described by Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256:495-497 (1975), the human B cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., Immunol. Today 4: 72 (1983)), the EBV-hybndoma technique (Cole et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss (1985) Inc., pp. 77-96) or trioma techniques. The technology for producing hybndomas is well known (see generally Current Protocols in Immunology (1994) Coligan et al., (eds.) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.). Briefly, an immortal cell line (typically a myeloma) is fused to lymphocytes (typically splenocytes) from a mammal immunized with an immunogen as described above, and the culture supernatants of the resulting hybridoma cells are screened to identify a hybridoma producing a monoclonal antibody that binds a polypeptide of the disclosure.

Any of the many well known protocols used for fusing lymphocytes and immortalized cell lines can be applied for the purpose of generating a monoclonal antibody to a polypeptide of the disclosure (see, e.g., Current Protocols in Immunology, supra; Galfre et al., Nature 266:55052 (1977); R. H. Kenneth, in Monoclonal Antibodies: A New Dimension In Biological Analyses, Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, N.Y. (1980); and Lerner, Yale J. Biol. Med. 54:387-402 (1981)). Moreover, the ordinarily skilled worker can appreciate that there are many variations of such methods that also would be useful. Alternative to preparing monoclonal antibody-secreting hybridomas, a monoclonal antibody to a polypeptide of the disclosure can be identified and isolated by screening a recombinant combinatorial immunoglobulin library (e.g., an antibody phage display library) with the polypeptide to thereby isolate immunoglobulin library members that bind the polypeptide. Kits for generating and screening phage display libraries are commercially available (e.g., the Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System, Catalog No. 27-9400-01; and the Stratagene SurfZAP^(a) Phage Display Kit, Catalog No. 240612). Additionally, examples of methods and reagents particularly amenable for use in generating and screening antibody display library can be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; PCT Publication Nos. WO 92/18619, WO 91/17271, WO 92/20791, WO 92/15679; WO 93/01288, WO 92/01047, WO 92/09690, and WO 90/02809; Fuchs et al., Bio/Technology 9: 1370-1372 (1991); Hay et al., Hum. Antibod. Hybndomas 3:81-85 (1992); Huse et al., Science 246: 1275-1281 (1989); and Griffiths et al., EMBO J. 12:725-734 (1993).

Additionally, recombinant antibodies, such as chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies, comprising both human and non-human portions, which can be made using standard recombinant DNA techniques, are within the scope of the disclosure. Such chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques known in the art.

In general, antibodies of the disclosure (e.g., a monoclonal antibody) can be used to isolate a polypeptide of the disclosure by standard techniques, such as affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation. A polypeptide-specific antibody can facilitate the purification of natural polypeptide from cells and of recombinants produced polypeptide expressed in host cells Moreover, an antibody specific for a polypeptide of the disclosure can be used to detect the polypeptide (e.g., in a cellular lysate, cell supernatant, or tissue sample) in order to evaluate the abundance and pattern of expression of the polypeptide. Antibodies can be used diagnostically, prognostically, or theranostically to monitor polypeptide levels in tissue as part of a clinical testing procedure, e.g., to, for example, determine the efficacy of a given treatment regimen. The antibody can be coupled to a detectable substance to facilitate its detection. Examples of detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials. Examples of suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase; examples of suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin; examples of suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotnazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythnn; an example of a luminescent material includes luminol; examples of bioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin, and examples of suitable radioactive material include ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S or ³H. Antibodies can also be useful in pharmacogenomic analysis. In such embodiments, antibodies against variant polypeptides encoded by nucleic acids according to the disclosure, such as variant polypeptides that are encoded by nucleic acids that contain at least one genetic variation of the disclosure, can be used to identify individuals that can benefit from modified treatment modalities.

Antibodies can furthermore be useful for assessing expression of variant polypeptides in disease states, such as in active stages of a disease, or in an individual with a predisposition to a disease related to the function of the polypeptide, in particular a neurological disorder. Antibodies specific for a variant polypeptide of the present disclosure that is encoded by a nucleic acid that comprises at least one polymorphic marker or haplotype as described herein can be used to screen for the presence of the variant polypeptide, for example, to screen for a predisposition to a neurological disorder as indicated by the presence of the variant polypeptide.

Antibodies can be used in other methods. Thus, antibodies are useful as screening tools for evaluating polypeptides, such as variant polypeptides of the disclosure, in conjunction with analysis by electrophoretic mobility, isoelectric point, tryptic or other protease digest, or for use in other physical assays known to those skilled in the art. Antibodies can also be used in tissue typing. In one such embodiment, a specific variant polypeptide has been correlated with expression in a specific tissue type, and antibodies specific for the variant polypeptide can then be used to identify the specific tissue type.

Subcellular localization of polypeptides, including variant polypeptides, can also be determined using antibodies, and can be applied to assess aberrant subcellular localization of the polypeptide in cells in various tissues. Such use can be applied in genetic testing, but also in monitoring a particular treatment modality. In the case where treatment is aimed at correcting the expression level or presence of the variant polypeptide or aberrant tissue distribution or neurological expression of the variant polypeptide, antibodies specific for the variant polypeptide or fragments thereof can be used to monitor therapeutic efficacy.

Antibodies are further useful for inhibiting variant polypeptide function, for example, by blocking the binding of a variant polypeptide to a binding molecule or partner. Such uses can also be applied in a therapeutic context in which treatment involves inhibiting a variant polypeptide's function. An antibody can be for example, be used to block or competitively inhibit binding, thereby modulating (i.e., agonizing or antagonizing) the activity of the polypeptide. Antibodies can be prepared against specific polypeptide fragments containing sites for specific function or against an intact polypeptide that is associated with a cell or cell membrane.

The present disclosure also embodies the use of any pharmacologic agent that can be conjugated to an antibody or an antibody binding fragment, and delivered in active form. Examples of such agents include cytotoxins, radioisotopes, hormones such as a steroid, anti-metabolites such as cytosines, and chemotherapeutic agents. Other embodiments can include agents such as a coagulant, a cytokine, growth factor, bacterial endotoxin or a moiety of bacterial endotoxin. The targeting antibody-based agent directs the toxin to, and thereby selectively modulates the cell expressing the targeted surface receptor. In some embodiments, therapeutic antibodies employ cross-linkers that provide high in vivo stability (Thorpe et al., Cancer Res., 48:6396, 1988). In any event, it is proposed that agents such as these can, if desired, be successfully conjugated to antibodies or antibody binding fragments, in a manner that can allow their targeting, internalization, release or presentation at the site of the targeted cells expressing the PD associated biomarkers using known conjugation technology. For administration in vivo, for example, an antibody can be linked with an additional therapeutic payload, such as radionuclide, an enzyme, an immunogenic epitope, or a cytotoxic agent, including bacterial toxins (diphtheria or plant toxins, such as ricin). The in vivo half-life of an antibody or a fragment thereof can be increased by pegylation through conjugation to polyethylene glycol.

Gene Therapy

In some embodiments, gene therapy can be used as a therapeutic to modulate a peptide sequence or RNA expressed from a gene associated with a developmental disorder. Gene therapy involves the use of DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat disease. DNA can be used to supplement or alter genes within an individual's cells as a therapy to treat disease. Gene therapy can be used to alter the signaling or function associated with the a developmental disorder associated biomarker, have an inhibitory or stimulatory effect on the developmental disorder associated biomarkers, or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the expression or activity of the a developmental disorder associated biomarkers' ligands. In one embodiment, gene therapy involves using DNA that encodes a functional, therapeutic gene in order to replace a mutated gene. Other forms involve directly correcting a mutation, or using DNA that encodes a therapeutic polypeptide drug (rather than a natural human gene) to provide treatment. DNA that encodes a therapeutic polypeptide can be packaged within a vector, which can used to introduce the DNA inside cells within the body. Once inside, the DNA becomes expressed by the cell machinery, resulting in the production of the therapeutic, which in turn can treat the subject's disease.

Gene therapy agents and other agents for testing therapeutics can include plasmids, viral vectors, artificial chromosomes and the like containing therapeutic genes or polynucleotides encoding therapeutic products, including coding sequences for small interfering RNA (siRNA), ribozymes and antisense RNA, which in certain further embodiments can comprise an operably linked promoter such as a constitutive promoter or a regulatable promoter, such as an inducible promoter (e.g., IPTG inducible), a tightly regulated promoter (e.g., a promoter that permits little or no detectable transcription in the absence of its cognate inducer or derepressor) or a tissue-specific promoter. Methodologies for preparing, testing and using these and related agents are known in the art. See, e.g., Ausubel (Ed.), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (2007 John Wiley & Sons, NY); Rosenzweig and Nabel (Eds), Current Protocols in Human Genetics (esp. Ch. 13 therein, “Delivery Systems for Gene Therapy”, 2008 John Wiley & Sons, NY); Abell, Advances in Amino Acid Mimetics and Peptidomimetics, 1997 Elsevier, NY. In another embodiment, gene therapy agents may encompass zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) or transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) strategies, see for example: Urnov et al. (2010), Nature Reviews Genetics 11(9):636-46; Yusa et al. (2011), Nature 478(7369):391-4; Bedell et al. (2012), Nature ePub Sep 23, PubMed ID 23000899.

As a non-limiting example, one such embodiment contemplates introduction of a gene therapy agent for treating PD (e.g., an engineered therapeutic virus, a therapeutic agent-carrying nanoparticle, etc.) to one or more injection sites in a subject, without the need for imaging, surgery, or histology on biopsy specimens. Of course, periodic monitoring of the circulation for leaked therapeutic agent and/or subsequent analysis of a biopsy specimen, e.g., to assess the effects of the agent on the target tissue, can also be considered. A gene therapy includes a therapeutic polynucleotide administered before, after, or at the same time as any other therapy described herein. In some embodiments, therapeutic genes may include an antisense version of a biomarker disclosed herein, a sequence of a biomarker described herein, or an inhibitor of a biomarker disclosed herein.

Methods of Treatment

Some embodiments of the present disclosure relates to methods of using pharmaceutical compositions and kits comprising agents that can inhibit one or more neurological disorder associated biomarker to inhibit or decrease neurological disorder progression. Another embodiment of the present disclosure provides methods, pharmaceutical compositions, and kits for the treatment of animal subjects. The term “animal subject” as used herein includes humans as well as other mammals. The term “treating” as used herein includes achieving a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit. By therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying viral infection. Also, a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated a neurological disorder such that an improvement is observed in the animal subject, notwithstanding the fact that the animal subject can still be afflicted with a neurological disorder.

For embodiments where a prophylactic benefit is desired, a pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure can be administered to a subject at risk of developing a neurological disorder, or to a subject reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a neurological disorder, even though a screening of the condition cannot have been made. Administration can prevent a neurological disorder from developing, or it can reduce, lessen, shorten and/or otherwise ameliorate the progression of a neurological disorder, or symptoms that develop. The pharmaceutical composition can modulate or target a neurological disorder associated biomarker. Wherein, the term modulate includes inhibition of a neurological disorder associated biomarkers or alternatively activation of a neurological disorder associated biomarkers.

Reducing the activity of one or more neurological disorder's associated biomarkers is also referred to as “inhibiting” the neurological disorder's associated biomarkers. The term “inhibits” and its grammatical conjugations, such as “inhibitory,” do not require complete inhibition, but refer to a reduction in a neurological disorder's associated biomarkers' activities. In some embodiments such reduction is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90%, and can be by at least 95% of the activity of the enzyme or other biologically important molecular process in the absence of the inhibitory effect, e.g., in the absence of an inhibitor. Conversely, the phrase “does not inhibit” and its grammatical conjugations refer to situations where there is less than 20%, less than 10%, and can be less than 5%, of reduction in enzyme or other biologically important molecular activity in the presence of the agent. Further the phrase “does not substantially inhibit” and its grammatical conjugations refer to situations where there is less than 30%, less than 20%, and in some embodiments less than 10% of reduction in enzyme or other biologically important molecular activity in the presence of the agent.

Increasing the activity and/or function of polypeptides and/or nucleic acids found to be associated with one or more neurological disorders, is also referred to as “activating” the polypeptides and/or nucleic acids. The term “activated” and its grammatical conjugations, such as “activating,” do not require complete activation, but refer to an increase in a neurological disorder associated biomarkers' activities. In some embodiments such increase is by at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and can be by at least 95% of the activity of the enzyme or other biologically important molecular process in the absence of the activation effect, e.g., in the absence of an activator. Conversely, the phrase “does not activate” and its grammatical conjugations refer to situations where there can be less than 20%, less than 10%, and less than 5%, of an increase in enzyme or other biologically important molecular activity in the presence of the agent. Further the phrase “does not substantially activate” and its grammatical conjugations refer to situations where there is less than 30%, less than 20%, and in some embodiments less than 10% of an increase in enzyme or other biologically important molecular activity in the presence of the agent.

The ability to reduce enzyme activity is a measure of the potency or the activity of an agent, or combination of agents, towards or against the enzyme or other biologically important molecular process. Potency can be measured by cell free, whole cell and/or in vivo assays in terms of IC50, Ki and/or ED50 values. An IC50 value represents the concentration of an agent required to inhibit enzyme activity by half (50%) under a given set of conditions. A Ki value represents the equilibrium affinity constant for the binding of an inhibiting agent to the enzyme or other relevant biomolecule. An ED50 value represents the dose of an agent required to affect a half-maximal response in a biological assay. Further details of these measures will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, and can be found in standard texts on biochemistry, enzymology, and the like.

The present disclosure also includes kits that can be used to treat neurological disorders These kits comprise an agent or combination of agents that inhibits a neurological disorder associated biomarker or a neurological disorder associated biomarkers and in some embodiments instructions teaching the use of the kit according to the various methods and approaches described herein. Such kits can also include information, such as scientific literature references, package insert materials, clinical trial results, and/or summaries of these and the like, which indicate or establish the activities and/or advantages of the agent. Such information can be based on the results of various studies, for example, studies using experimental animals involving in vivo models and studies based on human clinical trials. Kits described herein can be provided, marketed and/or promoted to health providers, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, formulary officials, and the like.

In some aspects a host cell can be used for testing or administering therapeutics. In some embodiments, a host cell can comprise a nucleic acid comprising expression control sequences operably-linked to a coding region. The host cell can be natural or non-natural. The non-natural host used in aspects of the method can be any cell capable of expressing a nucleic acid of the disclosure including, bacterial cells, fungal cells, insect cells, mammalian cells and plant cells. In some aspects the natural host is a mammalian tissue cell and the non-natural host is a different mammalian tissue cell. Other aspects of the method include a natural host that is a first cell normally residing in a first mammalian species and the non-natural host is a second cell normally residing in a second mammalian species. In another alternative aspect, the method uses a first cell and the second cell that are from the same tissue type. In those aspects of the method where the coding region encodes a mammalian polypeptide, the mammalian polypeptide may be a hormone. In other aspects the coding region may encode a neuropeptide, an antibody, an antimetabolite, or a polypeptide or nucleotide therapeutic.

Expression control sequences can be those nucleotide sequences, both 5′ and 3′ to a coding region, that are required for the transcription and translation of the coding region in a host organism. Regulatory sequences include a promoter, ribosome binding site, optional inducible elements and sequence elements required for efficient 3′ processing, including polyadenylation. When the structural gene has been isolated from genomic DNA, the regulatory sequences also include those intronic sequences required for splicing of the introns as part of mRNA formation in the target host.

Formulations, Routes of Administration, and Effective Doses

Yet another aspect of the present disclosure relates to formulations, routes of administration and effective doses for pharmaceutical compositions comprising an agent or combination of agents of the instant disclosure. Such pharmaceutical compositions can be used to treat a neurological disorder progression and a neurological disorder associated symptoms as described above.

Compounds of the disclosure can be administered as pharmaceutical formulations including those suitable for oral (including buccal and sub-lingual), rectal, nasal, topical, transdermal patch, pulmonary, vaginal, suppository, or parenteral (including intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intradermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intravenous) administration or in a form suitable for administration by aerosolization, inhalation or insufflation. General information on drug delivery systems can be found in

Ansel et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (Lippencott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore Md. (1999).

In various embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition includes carriers and excipients (including but not limited to buffers, carbohydrates, mannitol, polypeptides, amino acids, antioxidants, bacteriostats, chelating agents, suspending agents, thickening agents and/or preservatives), water, oils including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like, saline solutions, aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions, flavoring agents, coloring agents, detackifiers and other acceptable additives, adjuvants, or binders, other pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, emulsifying agents, wetting agents and the like. Examples of excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation is substantially free of preservatives. In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation can contain at least one preservative. General methodology on pharmaceutical dosage forms is found in Ansel et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (Lippencott, Williams, & Wilkins, Baltimore Md. (1999)). It can be recognized that, while any suitable carrier known to those of ordinary skill in the art can be employed to administer the compositions of this disclosure, the type of carrier can vary depending on the mode of administration.

Compounds can also be encapsulated within liposomes using well-known technology. Biodegradable microspheres can also be employed as carriers for the pharmaceutical compositions of this disclosure. Suitable biodegradable microspheres are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,897,268, 5,075,109, 5,928,647, 5,811,128, 5,820,883, 5,853,763, 5,814,344 and 5,942,252.

The compound can be administered in liposomes or microspheres (or microparticles). Methods for preparing liposomes and microspheres for administration to a subject are well known to those of skill in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,789,734, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference, describes methods for encapsulating biological materials in liposomes. Essentially, the material is dissolved in an aqueous solution, the appropriate phospholipids and lipids added, and along with surfactants if required, and the material dialyzed or sonicated, as necessary. A review of known methods is provided by G. Gregoriadis, Chapter 14, “Liposomes,” Drug Carriers in Biology and Medicine, pp. 2.sup. 87-341 (Academic Press, 1979).

Microspheres formed of polymers or polypeptides are well known to those skilled in the art, and can be tailored for passage through the gastrointestinal tract directly into the blood stream. Alternatively, the compound can be incorporated and the microspheres, or composite of microspheres, implanted for slow release over a period of time ranging from days to months. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,906,474, 4,925,673 and 3,625,214, and Jein, TIPS 19:155-157 (1998), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The concentration of drug can be adjusted, the pH of the solution buffered and the isotonicity adjusted to be compatible with intravenous injection, as is well known in the art.

The compounds of the disclosure can be formulated as a sterile solution or suspension, in suitable vehicles, well known in the art. The pharmaceutical compositions can be sterilized by conventional, well-known sterilization techniques, or can be sterile filtered. The resulting aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile solution prior to administration. Suitable formulations and additional carriers are described in Remington “The Science and Practice of Pharmacy” (20th Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore Md.), the teachings of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

The agents or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be provided alone or in combination with one or more other agents or with one or more other forms. For example, a formulation can comprise one or more agents in particular proportions, depending on the relative potencies of each agent and the intended indication. For example, in compositions for targeting two different host targets, and where potencies are similar, about a 1:1 ratio of agents can be used. The two forms can be formulated together, in the same dosage unit e.g., in one cream, suppository, tablet, capsule, aerosol spray, or packet of powder to be dissolved in a beverage; or each form can be formulated in a separate unit, e.g., two creams, two suppositories, two tablets, two capsules, a tablet and a liquid for dissolving the tablet, two aerosol sprays, or a packet of powder and a liquid for dissolving the powder, etc.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the agents used in the present disclosure, and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. For example, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt does not interfere with the beneficial effect of an agent of the disclosure in inhibiting a neurological disorder associated biomarkers' components

Typical salts are those of the inorganic ions, such as, for example, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium ions, and the like. Such salts include salts with inorganic or organic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p toluenesulfonic acid, acetic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid or maleic acid. In addition, if the agent(s) contain a carboxy group or other acidic group, it can be converted into a pharmaceutically acceptable addition salt with inorganic or organic bases. Examples of suitable bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia, cyclohexylamine, dicyclohexyl-amine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and the like.

A pharmaceutically acceptable ester or amide refers to those which retain biological effectiveness and properties of the agents used in the present disclosure, and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. For example, the ester or amide does not interfere with the beneficial effect of an agent of the disclosure in inhibiting a neurological disorder associated biomarkers' components. Typical esters include ethyl, methyl, isobutyl, ethylene glycol, and the like. Typical amides include unsubstituted amides, alkyl amides, dialkyl amides, and the like.

In some embodiments, an agent can be administered in combination with one or more other compounds, forms, and/or agents, e.g., as described above. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising combinations of a neurological disorder associated biomarkers' inhibitors with one or more other active agents can be formulated to comprise certain molar ratios. For example, molar ratios of about 99:1 to about 1:99 of a neurological disorder's associated biomarkers' inhibitors to the other active agent can be used. In some subset of the embodiments, the range of molar ratios of neurological disorder's associated biomarkers' inhibitors:other active agents are selected from about 80:20 to about 20:80; about 75:25 to about 25:75, about 70:30 to about 30:70, about 66:33 to about 33:66, about 60:40 to about 40:60; about 50:50; and about 90:10 to about 10:90. The molar ratio of neurological disorder's associated biomarkers' inhibitors:other active agents can be about 1:9, and in some embodiments can be about 1:1. The two agents, forms and/or compounds can be formulated together, in the same dosage unit e.g., in one cream, suppository, tablet, capsule, or packet of powder to be dissolved in a beverage; or each agent, form, and/or compound can be formulated in separate units, e.g., two creams, suppositories, tablets, two capsules, a tablet and a liquid for dissolving the tablet, an aerosol spray a packet of powder and a liquid for dissolving the powder, etc.

If necessary or desirable, the agents and/or combinations of agents can be administered with still other agents. The choice of agents that can be co-administered with the agents and/or combinations of agents of the instant disclosure can depend, at least in part, on the condition being treated. Agents of particular use in the formulations of the present disclosure include, for example, any agent having a therapeutic effect for a viral infection, including, e.g., drugs used to treat inflammatory conditions. For example, in treatments for influenza, in some embodiments formulations of the instant disclosure can additionally contain one or more conventional anti-inflammatory drugs, such as an NSAID, e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, ketoprofen, or aspirin. In some alternative embodiments for the treatment of influenza formulations of the instant disclosure can additionally contain one or more conventional influenza antiviral agents, such as amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir. In treatments for retroviral infections, such as HIV, formulations of the instant disclosure can additionally contain one or more conventional antiviral drug, such as protease inhibitors (lopinavir/ritonavir {Kaletra}, indinavir {Crixivan}, ritonavir {Norvir}, nelfinavir {Viracept}, saquinavir hard gel capsules {Invirase}, atazanavir {Reyataz}, amprenavir {Agenerase}, fosamprenavir {Telzir}, tipranavir {Aptivus}), reverse transcriptase inhibitors, including non-Nucleoside and Nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors (AZT {zidovudine, Retrovir}, ddI {didanosine, Videx}, 3TC {lamivudine, Epivir}, d4T {stavudine, Zerit}, abacavir {Ziagen}, FTC {emtricitabine, Emtriva}, tenofovir {Viread}, efavirenz {Sustiva} and nevirapine {Viramune}), fusion inhibitors T20 {enfuvirtide, Fuzeon}, integrase inhibitors (MK-0518 and GS-9137), and maturation inhibitors (PA-457 {Bevirimat}). As another example, formulations can additionally contain one or more supplements, such as vitamin C, E or other anti-oxidants.

The agent(s) (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or amides thereof) can be administered per se or in the form of a pharmaceutical composition wherein the active agent(s) is in an admixture or mixture with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. A pharmaceutical composition, as used herein, can be any composition prepared for administration to a subject. Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present disclosure can be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, comprising excipients, diluents, and/or auxiliaries, e.g., which facilitate processing of the active agents into preparations that can be administered. Proper formulation can depend at least in part upon the route of administration chosen. The agent(s) useful in the present disclosure, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or amides thereof, can be delivered to a subject using a number of routes or modes of administration, including oral, buccal, topical, rectal, transdermal, transmucosal, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular applications, as well as by inhalation.

For oral administration, the agents can be formulated readily by combining the active agent(s) with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable the agents of the disclosure to be formulated as tablets, including chewable tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, lozenges, hard candy, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, powders, suspensions, elixirs, wafers, and the like, for oral ingestion by a subject to be treated. Such formulations can comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carriers including solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueous media and various non-toxic organic solvents. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which can also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material. In powders, the carrier generally is a finely divided solid which is a mixture with the finely divided active component. In tablets, the active component generally is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. The powders and tablets preferably contain from about one (1) to about seventy (70) percent of the active compound. Suitable carriers include but are not limited to magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. Generally, the agents of the disclosure can be included at concentration levels ranging from about 0.5%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, or about 30% to about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80% or about 90% by weight of the total composition of oral dosage forms, in an amount sufficient to provide a desired unit of dosage.

Aqueous suspensions for oral use can contain agent(s) of this disclosure with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as a suspending agent (e.g., methyl cellulose), a wetting agent (e.g., lecithin, lysolecithin and/or a long-chain fatty alcohol), as well as coloring agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and the like.

In some embodiments, oils or non-aqueous solvents can be used to bring the agents into solution, due to, for example, the presence of large lipophilic moieties. Alternatively, emulsions, suspensions, or other preparations, for example, liposomal preparations, can be used. With respect to liposomal preparations, any known methods for preparing liposomes for treatment of a condition can be used. See, for example, Bangham et al., J. Mol. Biol. 23: 238-252 (1965) and Szoka et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75: 4194-4198 (1978), incorporated herein by reference. Ligands can also be attached to the liposomes to direct these compositions to particular sites of action. Agents of this disclosure can also be integrated into foodstuffs, e.g., cream cheese, butter, salad dressing, or ice cream to facilitate solubilization, administration, and/or compliance in certain subject populations.

Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained as a solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; flavoring elements, cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). If desired, disintegrating agents can be added, such as the cross linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate. The agents can also be formulated as a sustained release preparation.

Dragee cores can be provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions can be used, which can optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments can be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active agents.

Pharmaceutical preparations that can be used orally include push fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active agents can be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers can be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for administration.

Other forms suitable for oral administration include liquid form preparations including emulsions, syrups, elixirs, aqueous solutions, aqueous suspensions, or solid form preparations which are intended to be converted shortly before use to liquid form preparations. Emulsions can be prepared in solutions, for example, in aqueous propylene glycol solutions or can contain emulsifying agents, for example, such as lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia. Aqueous solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizers, and thickening agents. Aqueous suspensions can be prepared by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well known suspending agents. Suitable fillers or carriers with which the compositions can be administered include agar, alcohol, fats, lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, polysaccharides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, silica, sterile saline and the like, or mixtures thereof used in suitable amounts. Solid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, and can contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.

A syrup or suspension can be made by adding the active compound to a concentrated, aqueous solution of a sugar, e.g., sucrose, to which can also be added any accessory ingredients. Such accessory ingredients can include flavoring, an agent to retard crystallization of the sugar or an agent to increase the solubility of any other ingredient, e.g., as a polyhydric alcohol, for example, glycerol or sorbitol.

When formulating compounds of the disclosure for oral administration, it can be desirable to utilize gastroretentive formulations to enhance absorption from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A formulation which is retained in the stomach for several hours can release compounds of the disclosure slowly and provide a sustained release that can be preferred in some embodiments of the disclosure. Disclosure of such gastro-retentive formulations are found in Klausner, E. A.; Lavy, E.; Barta, M.; Cserepes, E.; Friedman, M.; Hoffman, A. 2003 “Novel gastroretentive dosage forms: evaluation of gastroretentivity and its effect on levodopa in humans.” Pharm. Res. 20, 1466-73, Hoffman, A.; Stepensky, D.; Lavy, E.; Eyal, S. Klausner, E.; Friedman, M. 2004 “Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of gastroretentive dosage forms” Int. J. Pharm. 11, 141-53, Streubel, A.; Siepmann, J.; Bodmeier, R.; 2006 “Gastroretentive drug delivery systems” Expert Opin. Drug Deliver. 3, 217-3, and Chavanpatil, M. D.; Jain, P.; Chaudhari, S.; Shear, R.; Vavia, P. R. “Novel sustained release, swellable and bioadhesive gastroretentive drug delivery system for olfoxacin” Int. J. Pharm. 2006. Expandable, floating and bioadhesive techniques can be utilized to maximize absorption of the compounds of the disclosure.

The compounds of the disclosure can be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection, for example, bolus injection or continuous infusion) and can be presented in unit dose form in ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative. The compositions can take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, for example, solutions in aqueous polyethylene glycol.

For injectable formulations, the vehicle can be chosen from those known in art to be suitable, including aqueous solutions or oil suspensions, or emulsions, with sesame oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs, mannitol, dextrose, or a sterile aqueous solution, and similar pharmaceutical vehicles. The formulation can also comprise polymer compositions which are biocompatible, biodegradable, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid. These materials can be made into micro or nanospheres, loaded with drug and further coated or derivatized to provide superior sustained release performance. Vehicles suitable for periocular or intraocular injection include, for example, suspensions of therapeutic agent in injection grade water, liposomes and vehicles suitable for lipophilic substances. Other vehicles for periocular or intraocular injection are well known in the art.

In a preferred embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to human beings. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the composition can also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lidocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior to administration.

When administration is by injection, the active compound can be formulated in aqueous solutions, specifically in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. The solution can contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active compound can be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition does not comprise an adjuvant or any other substance added to enhance the immune response stimulated by the peptide. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a substance that inhibits an immune response to the peptide. Methods of formulation are known in the art, for example, as disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton Pa.

In addition to the formulations described previously, the agents can also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations can be administered by implantation or transcutaneous delivery (for example, subcutaneously or intramuscularly), intramuscular injection or use of a transdermal patch. Thus, for example, the agents can be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example, as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more agents of the present disclosure exert local and regional effects when administered topically or injected at or near particular sites of infection. Direct topical application, e.g., of a viscous liquid, solution, suspension, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-based solutions, liposomal formulations, gel, jelly, cream, lotion, ointment, suppository, foam, or aerosol spray, can be used for local administration, to produce for example, local and/or regional effects. Pharmaceutically appropriate vehicles for such formulation include, for example, lower aliphatic alcohols, polyglycols (e.g., glycerol or polyethylene glycol), esters of fatty acids, oils, fats, silicones, and the like. Such preparations can also include preservatives (e.g., p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) and/or antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid and tocopherol). See also Dermatological Formulations: Percutaneous absorption, Barry (Ed.), Marcel Dekker Incl, 1983.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can contain a cosmetically or dermatologically acceptable carrier. Such carriers are compatible with skin, nails, mucous membranes, tissues and/or hair, and can include any conventionally used cosmetic or dermatological carrier meeting these requirements. Such carriers can be readily selected by one of ordinary skill in the art. In formulating skin ointments, an agent or combination of agents of the instant disclosure can be formulated in an oleaginous hydrocarbon base, an anhydrous absorption base, a water-in-oil absorption base, an oil-in-water water-removable base and/or a water-soluble base. Examples of such carriers and excipients include, but are not limited to, humectants (e.g., urea), glycols (e.g., propylene glycol), alcohols (e.g., ethanol), fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid), surfactants (e.g., isopropyl myristate and sodium lauryl sulfate), pyrrolidones, glycerol monolaurate, sulfoxides, terpenes (e.g., menthol), amines, amides, alkanes, alkanols, water, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.

Ointments and creams can, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents. Lotions can be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and can in general also containing one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents. The construction and use of transdermal patches for the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,023,252, 4,992,445 and 5,001,139. Such patches can be constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents.

Lubricants which can be used to form pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laureate, agar, or mixtures thereof. Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid silica gel, a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica, or mixtures thereof. A lubricant can optionally be added, in an amount of less than about 1 weight percent of the pharmaceutical composition.

The compositions according to the present disclosure can be in any form suitable for topical application, including aqueous, aqueous-alcoholic or oily solutions, lotion or serum dispersions, aqueous, anhydrous or oily gels, emulsions obtained by dispersion of a fatty phase in an aqueous phase (O/W or oil in water) or, conversely, (W/O or water in oil), microemulsions or alternatively microcapsules, microparticles or lipid vesicle dispersions of ionic and/or nonionic type. These compositions can be prepared according to conventional methods. Other than the agents of the disclosure, the amounts of the various constituents of the compositions according to the disclosure are those conventionally used in the art. These compositions in particular constitute protection, treatment or care creams, milks, lotions, gels or foams for the face, for the hands, for the body and/or for the mucous membranes, or for cleansing the skin. The compositions can also consist of solid preparations constituting soaps or cleansing bars.

Compositions of the present disclosure can also contain adjuvants common to the cosmetic and dermatological fields, such as hydrophilic or lipophilic gelling agents, hydrophilic or lipophilic active agents, preserving agents, antioxidants, solvents, fragrances, fillers, sunscreens, odor-absorbers and dyestuffs. The amounts of these various adjuvants are those conventionally used in the fields considered and, for example, are from about 0.01% to about 20% of the total weight of the composition. Depending on their nature, these adjuvants can be introduced into the fatty phase, into the aqueous phase and/or into the lipid vesicles.

In some embodiments, ocular viral infections can be effectively treated with ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointments or inserts comprising an agent or combination of agents of the present disclosure. Eye drops can be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in a sterile aqueous solution such as physiological saline, buffering solution, etc., or by combining powder compositions to be dissolved before use. Other vehicles can be chosen, as is known in the art, including but not limited to: balance salt solution, saline solution, water soluble polyethers such as polyethyene glycol, polyvinyls, such as polyvinyl alcohol and povidone, cellulose derivatives such as methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, petroleum derivatives such as mineral oil and white petrolatum, animal fats such as lanolin, polymers of acrylic acid such as carboxypolymethylene gel, vegetable fats such as peanut oil and polysaccharides such as dextrans, and glycosaminoglycans such as sodium hyaluronate. If desired, additives ordinarily used in the eye drops can be added. Such additives include isotonizing agents (e.g., sodium chloride, etc.), buffer agent (e.g., boric acid, sodium monohydrogen phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, etc.), preservatives (e.g., benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, chlorobutanol, etc.), thickeners (e.g., saccharide such as lactose, mannitol, maltose, etc.; e.g., hyaluronic acid or its salt such as sodium hyaluronate, potassium hyaluronate, etc.; e.g., mucopolysaccharide such as chondroitin sulfate, etc.; e.g., sodium polyacrylate, carboxyvinyl polymer, crosslinked polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy propyl cellulose or other agents known to those skilled in the art).

The solubility of the components of the present compositions can be enhanced by a surfactant or other appropriate co-solvent in the composition. Such cosolvents include polysorbate 20, 60, and 80, Pluronic F68, F-84 and P-103, cyclodextrin, or other agents known to those skilled in the art. Such co-solvents can be employed at a level of from about 0.01% to 2% by weight.

The compositions of the disclosure can be packaged in multidose form. Preservatives can be preferred to prevent microbial contamination during use. Suitable preservatives include: benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal, chlorobutanol, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, phenylethyl alcohol, edetate disodium, sorbic acid, Onamer M, or other agents known to those skilled in the art. In the prior art ophthalmic products, such preservatives can be employed at a level of from 0.004% to 0.02%. In the compositions of the present application the preservative, preferably benzalkonium chloride, can be employed at a level of from 0.001% to less than 0.01%, e.g. from 0.001% to 0.008%, preferably about 0.005% by weight. It has been found that a concentration of benzalkonium chloride of 0.005% can be sufficient to preserve the compositions of the present disclosure from microbial attack.

In some embodiments, neurological disorder associated symptoms of the ear can be effectively treated with otic solutions, suspensions, ointments or inserts comprising an agent or combination of agents of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, the agents of the present disclosure are delivered in soluble rather than suspension form, which allows for more rapid and quantitative absorption to the sites of action. In general, formulations such as jellies, creams, lotions, suppositories and ointments can provide an area with more extended exposure to the agents of the present disclosure, while formulations in solution, e.g., sprays, provide more immediate, short-term exposure.

In some embodiments relating to topical/local application, the pharmaceutical compositions can include one or more penetration enhancers. For example, the formulations can comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients that increase penetration or help delivery of agents or combinations of agents of the disclosure across a permeability barrier, e.g., the skin. Many of these penetration-enhancing compounds are known in the art of topical formulation, and include, e.g., water, alcohols (e.g., terpenes like methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol), sulfoxides (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide, decylmethyl sulfoxide, tetradecylmethyl sulfoxide), pyrrolidones (e.g., 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidone), laurocapram, acetone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, L-α-amino acids, anionic, cationic, amphoteric or nonionic surfactants (e.g., isopropyl myristate and sodium lauryl sulfate), fatty acids, fatty alcohols (e.g., oleic acid), amines, amides, clofibric acid amides, hexamethylene lauramide, proteolytic enzymes, α-bisabolol, d-limonene, urea and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, and the like. Additional examples include humectants (e.g., urea), glycols (e.g., propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol), glycerol monolaurate, alkanes, alkanols, ORGELASE, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and/or other polymers. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can include one or more such penetration enhancers.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions for local/topical application can include one or more antimicrobial preservatives such as quaternary ammonium compounds, organic mercurials, p-hydroxy benzoates, aromatic alcohols, chlorobutanol, and the like.

Gastrointestinal neurological disorder symptoms can be effectively treated with orally- or rectally delivered solutions, suspensions, ointments, enemas and/or suppositories comprising an agent or combination of agents of the present disclosure.

Respiratory neurological disorder symptoms can be effectively treated with aerosol solutions, suspensions or dry powders comprising an agent or combination of agents of the present disclosure. Administration by inhalation is particularly useful in treating viral infections of the lung, such as influenza. The aerosol can be administered through the respiratory system or nasal passages. For example, one skilled in the art can recognize that a composition of the present disclosure can be suspended or dissolved in an appropriate carrier, e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable propellant, and administered directly into the lungs using a nasal spray or inhalant. For example, an aerosol formulation comprising a neurological disorder associated biomarkers' inhibitors can be dissolved, suspended or emulsified in a propellant or a mixture of solvent and propellant, e.g., for administration as a nasal spray or inhalant Aerosol formulations can contain any acceptable propellant under pressure, such as a cosmetically or dermatologically or pharmaceutically acceptable propellant, as conventionally used in the art.

An aerosol formulation for nasal administration is generally an aqueous solution designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays. Nasal solutions can be similar to nasal secretions in that they are generally isotonic and slightly buffered to maintain a pH of about 5.5 to about 6.5, although pH values outside of this range can additionally be used. Antimicrobial agents or preservatives can also be included in the formulation.

An aerosol formulation for inhalations and inhalants can be designed so that the agent or combination of agents of the present disclosure is carried into the respiratory tree of the subject when administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route. Inhalation solutions can be administered, for example, by a nebulizer. Inhalations or insufflations, comprising finely powdered or liquid drugs, can be delivered to the respiratory system as a pharmaceutical aerosol of a solution or suspension of the agent or combination of agents in a propellant, e.g., to aid in disbursement. Propellants can be liquefied gases, including halocarbons, for example, fluorocarbons such as fluorinated chlorinated hydrocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and hydrochlorocarbons, as well as hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon ethers.

Halocarbon propellants useful in the present disclosure include fluorocarbon propellants in which all hydrogens are replaced with fluorine, chlorofluorocarbon propellants in which all hydrogens are replaced with chlorine and at least one fluorine, hydrogen-containing fluorocarbon propellants, and hydrogen-containing chlorofluorocarbon propellants. Halocarbon propellants are described in Johnson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,359; Byron et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,029; and Purewal et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,434. Hydrocarbon propellants useful in the disclosure include, for example, propane, isobutane, n-butane, pentane, isopentane and neopentane. A blend of hydrocarbons can also be used as a propellant. Ether propellants include, for example, dimethyl ether as well as the ethers. An aerosol formulation of the disclosure can also comprise more than one propellant. For example, the aerosol formulation can comprise more than one propellant from the same class, such as two or more fluorocarbons; or more than one, more than two, more than three propellants from different classes, such as a fluorohydrocarbon and a hydrocarbon. Pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can also be dispensed with a compressed gas, e.g., an inert gas such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide or nitrogen.

Aerosol formulations can also include other components, for example, ethanol, isopropanol, propylene glycol, as well as surfactants or other components such as oils and detergents. These components can serve to stabilize the formulation and/or lubricate valve components.

The aerosol formulation can be packaged under pressure and can be formulated as an aerosol using solutions, suspensions, emulsions, powders and semisolid preparations. For example, a solution aerosol formulation can comprise a solution of an agent of the disclosure such as a neurological disorder associated biomarkers' inhibitors in (substantially) pure propellant or as a mixture of propellant and solvent. The solvent can be used to dissolve the agent and/or retard the evaporation of the propellant. Solvents useful in the disclosure include, for example, water, ethanol and glycols. Any combination of suitable solvents can be use, optionally combined with preservatives, antioxidants, and/or other aerosol components.

An aerosol formulation can also be a dispersion or suspension. A suspension aerosol formulation can comprise a suspension of an agent or combination of agents of the instant disclosure, e.g., a neurological disorder associated biomarkers' inhibitors, and a dispersing agent. Dispersing agents useful in the disclosure include, for example, sorbitan trioleate, oleyl alcohol, oleic acid, lecithin and corn oil. A suspension aerosol formulation can also include lubricants, preservatives, antioxidant, and/or other aerosol components.

An aerosol formulation can similarly be formulated as an emulsion. An emulsion aerosol formulation can include, for example, an alcohol such as ethanol, a surfactant, water and a propellant, as well as an agent or combination of agents of the disclosure, e.g., a neurological disorder associated biomarkers' inhibitors. The surfactant used can be nonionic, anionic or cationic. One example of an emulsion aerosol formulation comprises, for example, ethanol, surfactant, water and propellant. Another example of an emulsion aerosol formulation comprises, for example, vegetable oil, glyceryl monostearate and propane.

The compounds of the disclosure can be formulated for administration as suppositories. A low melting wax, such as a mixture of triglycerides, fatty acid glycerides, Witepsol S55 (trademark of Dynamite Nobel Chemical, Germany), or cocoa butter is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously, for example, by stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and to solidify.

The compounds of the disclosure can be formulated for vaginal administration. Pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

It is envisioned additionally, that the compounds of the disclosure can be attached releasably to biocompatible polymers for use in sustained release formulations on, in or attached to inserts for topical, intraocular, periocular, or systemic administration. The controlled release from a biocompatible polymer can be utilized with a water soluble polymer to form an instillable formulation, as well. The controlled release from a biocompatible polymer, such as for example, PLGA microspheres or nanospheres, can be utilized in a formulation suitable for intra ocular implantation or injection for sustained release administration, as well any suitable biodegradable and biocompatible polymer can be used.

In one aspect of the disclosure, the subject's carrier status of any of the genetic variation risk variants described herein, or genetic variants identified via other analysis methods within the genes or regulatory loci that are identified by the CNVs described herein, can be used to help determine whether a particular treatment modality for a neurological disorder, such as any one of the above, or a combination thereof, should be administered. The present disclosure also relates to methods of monitoring progress or effectiveness of a treatment option for a neurological disorder. The treatment option can include any of the above mentioned treatment options commonly used. This can be done based on the outcome of determination of the presence of a particular genetic variation risk variant in the individual, or by monitoring expression of genes that are associated with the variants of the present disclosure. Expression levels and/or mRNA levels can thus be determined before and during treatment to monitor its effectiveness. Alternatively, or concomitantly, the status with respect to a genetic variation, and or genotype and/or haplotype status of at least one risk variant for a neurological disorder presented herein can determined before and during treatment to monitor its effectiveness. It can also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that aberrant expression levels of a gene impacted by a CNV or other mutations found as a consequence of targeted sequencing of the CNV-identified gene can be assayed or diagnostically tested for by measuring the polypeptide expression level of said aberrantly expressed gene. In another embodiment, aberrant expression levels of a gene may result from a CNV impacting a DNA sequence (e.g., transcription factor binding site) that regulates a gene who's aberrant expression level is involved in or causes a developmental disorder, or other mutations found as a consequence of targeted sequencing of the CNV-identified gene regulatory sequence, can be assayed or diagnostically tested for by measuring the polypeptide expression level of the gene involved in or causative of a developmental disorder. In some embodiments, a specific CNV mutation within a gene, or other specific mutations found upon targeted sequencing of a CNV-identified gene found to be involved in or causative of a developmental disorder, may cause an aberrant structural change in the expressed polypeptide that results from said gene mutations and the altered polypeptide structure(s) can be assayed via various methods know to those skilled in the art.

Alternatively, biological networks or metabolic pathways related to the genes within, or associated with, the genetic variations described herein can be monitored by determining mRNA and/or polypeptide levels. This can be done for example, by monitoring expression levels of polypeptides for several genes belonging to the network and/or pathway in nucleic acid samples taken before and during treatment. Alternatively, metabolites belonging to the biological network or metabolic pathway can be determined before and during treatment. Effectiveness of the treatment is determined by comparing observed changes in expression levels/metabolite levels during treatment to corresponding data from healthy subjects.

In a further aspect, the genetic variations described herein and/or those subsequently found (e.g., via other genetic analysis methods such as sequencing) via targeted analysis of those genes initially identified by the genetic variations described herein, can be used to increase power and effectiveness of clinical trials. Thus, individuals who are carriers of at least one at-risk genetic variation can be more likely to respond to a particular treatment modality for a neurological disorder. In some embodiments, individuals who carry at-risk variants for gene(s) in a pathway and/or metabolic network for which a particular treatment is targeting are more likely to be responders to the treatment. In some embodiments, individuals who carry at-risk variants for a gene, which expression and/or function is altered by the at-risk variant, are more likely to be responders to a treatment modality targeting that gene, its expression or its gene product. This application can improve the safety of clinical trials, but can also enhance the chance that a clinical trial can demonstrate statistically significant efficacy, which can be limited to a certain sub-group of the population. Thus, one possible outcome of such a trial is that carriers of certain genetic variants are statistically significant and likely to show positive response to the therapeutic agent. Further, one or more of the genetic variations employed during clinical trials for a given therapeutic agent can be used in a companion diagnostic test that is administered to the patient prior to administration of the therapeutic agent to determine if the patient is likely to have favorable response to the therapeutic agent.

In a further aspect, the genetic variations described herein can be used for targeting the selection of pharmaceutical agents for specific individuals. The pharmaceutical agent can be any of the agents described in the above. Personalized selection of treatment modalities, lifestyle changes or combination of the two, can be realized by the utilization of the at-risk genetic variations or surrogate markers in linkage disequilibrium with the genetic variations. Thus, the knowledge of an individual's status for particular genetic variations can be useful for selection of treatment options, for example, for treatments that target genes or gene products affected by one or more of the genetic variations. Certain combinations of variants, including those described herein, but also combinations with other risk variants for a neurological disorder, can be suitable for one selection of treatment options, while other variant combinations can target other treatment options. Such combinations of variants can include one variant, two variants, three variants, or four or more variants, as needed to determine with clinically reliable accuracy the selection of treatment module.

Animal and Cell Models of Neurological Disorders

Also provided herein are engineered cells that can harbor one or more polymorphism described herein, for example, one or more genetic variations associated with a neurological disorder, for example, a SNP or CNV. Such cells can be useful for studying the effect of a polymorphism on physiological function, and for identifying and/or evaluating potential therapeutic agents

Methods are known in the art for generating cells, for example, by homologous recombination between the endogenous gene and an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into a cell, for example, a cell of an animal. In some cases, cells can be used to generate transgenic animals using methods known in the art.

The cells are preferably mammalian cells in which an endogenous gene has been altered to include a genetic variation as described herein. Techniques such as targeted homologous recombination, can be used to insert the heterologous DNA as described in, e.g., Chappel, U.S. Pat. No. 5,272,071; WO 91/06667. In another embodiment induced pluripotent stem cells with specific disease-causing or disease-associated mutations (such as CNVs and SNVs) can be used for disease modeling and drug discovery, for example, as described in Grskovic et al. (2011) Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 10(12):915-29.

PD is not known to occur naturally in any species other than humans, although animal models which show some features of the disease are used in research. The appearance of parkinsonian symptoms in a group of drug addicts in the early 1980s who consumed a contaminated batch of the synthetic opiate MPPP led to the discovery of the chemical MPTP as an agent that causes a parkinsonian syndrome in non-human primates as well as in humans. Other predominant toxin-based models employ the insecticide rotenone, the herbicide paraquat and the fungicide maneb. Models based on toxins are most commonly used in primates. Transgenic rodent models that replicate various aspects of PD have been developed.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the present disclosure include compositions wherein the active ingredients are present in an effective amount, i.e., in an amount effective to achieve therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit in a host with at least one a neurological disorder associated symptom. The actual amount effective for a particular application can depend on the condition or conditions being treated, the condition of the subject, the formulation, and the route of administration, as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. Determination of an effective amount of a neurological disorder associated biomarkers' inhibitors is well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art, in light of the disclosure herein, and can be determined using routine optimization techniques.

The effective amount for use in humans can be determined from animal models. For example, a dose for humans can be formulated to achieve circulating, liver, topical and/or gastrointestinal concentrations that have been found to be effective in animals. One skilled in the art can determine the effective amount for human use, especially in light of the animal model experimental data described herein. Based on animal data, and other types of similar data, those skilled in the art can determine the effective amounts of compositions of the present disclosure appropriate for humans.

The effective amount when referring to an agent or combination of agents of the disclosure can generally mean the dose ranges, modes of administration, formulations, etc., that have been recommended or approved by any of the various regulatory or advisory organizations in the medical or pharmaceutical arts (e.g., FDA, AMA) or by the manufacturer or supplier.

Further, appropriate doses for a neurological disorder's associated biomarkers' inhibitors can be determined based on in vitro experimental results. For example, the in vitro potency of an agent in inhibiting a neurological disorder's associated biomarkers' components, provides information useful in the development of effective in vivo dosages to achieve similar biological effects. In some embodiments, administration of agents of the present disclosure can be intermittent, for example, administration once every two days, every three days, every five days, once a week, once or twice a month, and the like. In some embodiments, the amount, forms, and/or amounts of the different forms can be varied at different times of administration.

A person of skill in the art would be able to monitor in a subject the effect of administration of a particular agent. Other techniques would be apparent to one of skill in the art, wherein the active ingredients are present in an effective amount, for example, in an amount effective to achieve therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit in a host with at least one a neurological disorder associated symptom. The actual amount effective for a particular application can depend on the condition or conditions being treated, the condition of the subject, the formulation, and the route of administration, as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. Determination of an effective amount of a neurological disorder's associated biomarkers' inhibitors is well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art, in light of the disclosure herein, and can be determined using routine optimization techniques.

Further, appropriate doses for a neurological disorder's associated biomarkers' inhibitors can be determined based on in vitro experimental results. For example, the in vitro potency of an agent in inhibiting a neurological disorder associated biomarkers' components can provide information useful in the development of effective in vivo dosages to achieve similar biological effects.

Kits

Kits useful in the methods of the disclosure comprise components useful in any of the methods described herein, including for example, primers for nucleic acid amplification, hybridization probes for detecting genetic variation, or other marker detection, restriction enzymes, nucleic acid probes, optionally labeled with suitable labels, allele-specific oligonucleotides, antibodies that bind to an altered polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the disclosure as described herein or to a wild type polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid of the disclosure as described herein, means for amplification of genetic variations or fragments thereof, means for analyzing the nucleic acid sequence of nucleic acids comprising genetic variations as described herein, means for analyzing the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide encoded by a genetic variation, or a nucleic acid associated with a genetic variation, etc. The kits can for example, include necessary buffers, nucleic acid primers for amplifying nucleic acids, and reagents for allele-specific detection of the fragments amplified using such primers and necessary enzymes (e.g., DNA polymerase). Additionally, kits can provide reagents for assays to be used in combination with the methods of the present disclosure, for example, reagents for use with other screening assays for a neurological disorder.

In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a kit for assaying a nucleic acid sample from a subject to detect the presence of a genetic variation, wherein the kit comprises reagents necessary for selectively detecting at least one particular genetic variation in the genome of the individual. In some embodiments, the disclosure pertains to a kit for assaying a nucleic acid sample from a subject to detect the presence of at least particular allele of at least one polymorphism associated with a genetic variation in the genome of the subject. In some embodiments, the reagents comprise at least one contiguous oligonucleotide that hybridizes to a fragment of the genome of the individual comprising at least genetic variation. In some embodiments, the reagents comprise at least one pair of oligonucleotides that hybridize to opposite strands of a genomic segment obtained from a subject, wherein each oligonucleotide primer pair is designed to selectively amplify a fragment of the genome of the individual that includes at least one genetic variation, or a fragment of a genetic variation. Such oligonucleotides or nucleic acids can be designed using the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the kit comprises one or more labeled nucleic acids capable of allele-specific detection of one or more specific polymorphic markers or haplotypes with a genetic variation, and reagents for detection of the label. In some embodiments, a kit for detecting SNP markers can comprise a detection oligonucleotide probe, that hybridizes to a segment of template DNA containing a SNP polymorphisms to be detected, an enhancer oligonucleotide probe, detection probe, primer and/or an endonuclease, for example, as described by Kutyavin et al. (Nucleic Acid Res. 34:e128 (2006)).

In some embodiments, the DNA template is amplified by any means of the present disclosure, prior to assessment for the presence of specific genetic variations as described herein. Standard methods well known to the skilled person for performing these methods can be utilized, and are within scope of the disclosure. In one such embodiment, reagents for performing these methods can be included in the reagent kit.

In a further aspect of the present disclosure, a pharmaceutical pack (kit) is provided, the pack comprising a therapeutic agent and a set of instructions for administration of the therapeutic agent to humans screened for one or more variants of the present disclosure, as disclosed herein. The therapeutic agent can be a small molecule drug, an antibody, a peptide, an antisense or RNAi molecule, or other therapeutic molecules as described herein. In some embodiments, an individual identified as a carrier of at least one variant of the present disclosure is instructed to take a prescribed dose of the therapeutic agent. In one such embodiment, an individual identified as a carrier of at least one variant of the present disclosure is instructed to take a prescribed dose of the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, an individual identified as a non-carrier of at least one variant of the present disclosure is instructed to take a prescribed dose of the therapeutic agent.

Also provided herein are articles of manufacture, comprising a probe that hybridizes with a region of human chromosome as described herein and can be used to detect a polymorphism described herein. For example, any of the probes for detecting polymorphisms described herein can be combined with packaging material to generate articles of manufacture or kits. The kit can include one or more other elements including: instructions for use; and other reagents such as a label or an agent useful for attaching a label to the probe. Instructions for use can include instructions for screening applications of the probe for making a diagnosis, prognosis, or theranosis to a neurological disorder in a method described herein. Other instructions can include instructions for attaching a label to the probe, instructions for performing in situ analysis with the probe, and/or instructions for obtaining a nucleic acid sample to be analyzed from a subject. In some cases, the kit can include a labeled probe that hybridizes to a region of human chromosome as described herein.

The kit can also include one or more additional reference or control probes that hybridize to the same chromosome or another chromosome or portion thereof that can have an abnormality associated with a particular endophenotype. A kit that includes additional probes can further include labels, e.g., one or more of the same or different labels for the probes. In other embodiments, the additional probe or probes provided with the kit can be a labeled probe or probes. When the kit further includes one or more additional probe or probes, the kit can further provide instructions for the use of the additional probe or probes. Kits for use in self-testing can also be provided. Such test kits can include devices and instructions that a subject can use to obtain a nucleic acid sample (e.g., buccal cells, blood) without the aid of a health care provider. For example, buccal cells can be obtained using a buccal swab or brush, or using mouthwash.

Kits as provided herein can also include a mailer (e.g., a postage paid envelope or mailing pack) that can be used to return the nucleic acid sample for analysis, e.g., to a laboratory. The kit can include one or more containers for the nucleic acid sample, or the nucleic acid sample can be in a standard blood collection vial. The kit can also include one or more of an informed consent form, a test requisition form, and instructions on how to use the kit in a method described herein. Methods for using such kits are also included herein. One or more of the forms (e.g., the test requisition form) and the container holding the nucleic acid sample can be coded, for example, with a bar code for identifying the subject who provided the nucleic acid sample.

In some embodiments, an in vitro screening test can comprise one or more devices, tools, and equipment configured to collect a nucleic acid sample from an individual. In some embodiments of an in vitro screening test, tools to collect a nucleic acid sample can include one or more of a swab, a scalpel, a syringe, a scraper, a container, and other devices and reagents designed to facilitate the collection, storage, and transport of a nucleic acid sample. In some embodiments, an in vitro screening test can include reagents or solutions for collecting, stabilizing, storing, and processing a nucleic acid sample.

Such reagents and solutions for nucleotide collecting, stabilizing, storing, and processing are well known by those of skill in the art and can be indicated by specific methods used by an in vitro screening test as described herein. In some embodiments, an in vitro screening test as disclosed herein, can comprise a microarray apparatus and reagents, a flow cell apparatus and reagents, a multiplex nucleotide sequencer and reagents, and additional hardware and software necessary to assay a nucleic acid sample for certain genetic markers and to detect and visualize certain genetic markers.

The present disclosure further relates to kits for using antibodies in the methods described herein. This includes, but is not limited to, kits for detecting the presence of a variant polypeptide in a test nucleic acid sample. One preferred embodiment comprises antibodies such as a labeled or labelable antibody and a compound or agent for detecting variant polypeptides in a nucleic acid sample, means for determining the amount or the presence and/or absence of variant polypeptide in the nucleic acid sample, and means for comparing the amount of variant polypeptide in the nucleic acid sample with a standard, as well as instructions for use of the kit. In certain embodiments, the kit further comprises a set of instructions for using the reagents comprising the kit.

Unless otherwise explained, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The following references contain embodiments of the methods and compositions that can be used herein: The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 18th Edition, published by Merck Research Laboratories, 2006 (ISBN 0-911910-18-2); Benjamin Lewin, Genes IX, published by Jones & Bartlett Publishing, 2007 (ISBN-13: 9780763740634); Kendrew et al. (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, published by Blackwell Science Ltd., 1994 (ISBN 0-632-02182-9); and Robert A. Meyers (ed.), Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk Reference, published by VCH Publishers, Inc., 1995 (ISBN 1-56081-569-8).

Standard procedures of the present disclosure are described, e.g., in Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., USA (1982); Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2 ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., USA (1989); Davis et al., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier Science Publishing, Inc., New York, USA (1986); or Methods in Enzymology: Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques Vol. 152, S. L. Berger and A. R. Kimmerl (eds.), Academic Press Inc., San Diego, USA (1987)). Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (CPMB) (Fred M. Ausubel, et al. ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.), Current Protocols in Protein Science (CPPS) (John E. Coligan, et. al., ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.), Current Protocols in Immunology (CPI) (John E. Coligan, et. al., ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.), Current Protocols in Cell Biology (CPCB) (Juan S. Bonifacino et. al. ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.), Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique by R. Ian Freshney, Publisher: Wiley-Liss; 5th edition (2005), and Animal Cell Culture Methods (Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 57, Jennie P. Mather and David Barnes editors, Academic Press, 1st edition, 1998), which are all incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

It should be understood that the following examples should not be construed as being limiting to the particular methodology, protocols, and compositions, etc., described herein and, as such, can vary. The following terms used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein.

Disclosed herein are molecules, materials, compositions, and components that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are products of methods and compositions disclosed herein. It is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed and while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these molecules and compounds cannot be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a nucleotide or nucleic acid is disclosed and discussed and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of molecules including the nucleotide or nucleic acid are discussed, each and every combination and permutation of nucleotide or nucleic acid and the modifications that are possible are specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. This concept applies to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the disclosed molecules and compositions. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed.

Those skilled in the art can recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the method and compositions described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

It is understood that the disclosed methods and compositions are not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described as these can vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure which can be limited only by the appended claims.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the meanings that would be commonly understood by one of skill in the art in the context of the present specification.

It should be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a nucleotide” includes a plurality of such nucleotides; reference to “the nucleotide” is a reference to one or more nucleotides and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.

The term “and/or” shall in the present context be understood to indicate that either or both of the items connected by it are involved. While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described herein, it can be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions can now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the disclosure. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the disclosure described herein can be employed in practicing the disclosure. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the disclosure and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

EXAMPLES Example 1

In the present study, data was generated on the basis of a comparison of copy number variants (CNVs) identified in 2 cohorts:

-   1. 1,005 Normal individuals (Normal Variation Engine—NVE); -   2. 468 Parkinson's Disease (PD) cases (samples obtained from the The     Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center (PI), Sunnyvale, Calif.     94085, USA).

Genomic DNA samples from individuals within the Normal cohort (NVE ‘test’ subjects) and from the PD cohort (PD ‘test’ subjects) were hybridized against a single, sex-matched reference individual as follows. Reference DNA samples were labeled with Cy5 and test subject DNA samples were labeled with Cy3. After labeling, samples were combined and co-hybridized to Agilent 1M feature oligonucleotide microarrays, design ID 021529 (Agilent Product Number G4447A) using standard conditions (array Comparative Genomic Hybridization—aCGH). Post-hybridization, arrays were scanned at 2 μm resolution, using Agilent's DNA microarray scanner, generating tiff images for later analysis. All tiff images were analyzed using Agilent Feature Extraction (FE) software, with the following settings:

-   Human Genome Freeze: hg18:NCBI36:Mar2006 -   FE version: 10.7.3.1 -   Grid/design file: 021529_D_F_20091001 -   Protocol: CGH_107_Sep09

This procedure generates a variety of output files, one of which is a text-tab delimited file, containing ˜1,000,000 rows of data, each corresponding to a specific feature on the array. This *.txt file was used to perform CNV calling using DNAcopy, an open source software package implemented in R via BioConductor (http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/DNAcopy.html). Losses or gains were determined according to a threshold log 2ratio, which was set at −/+0.35. In other words, all losses with a log 2ratio value<=−0.35 were counted, as were all gains with a log 2ratio>=+0.35. All log 2ratio values were determined according to Cy3/Cy5 (Test/Reference). A minimum probe threshold for CNV-calling was set at 2 (2 consecutive probes were sufficient to call a CNV). A CNV list was thus generated for each individual in the 2 cohorts.

There were a total of 162,316 CNVs in the NVE cohort of 1,005 individuals (an average of 162 CNVs per individual). Using custom scripts, these CNVs (many of which appeared in multiple individuals) were ‘merged’ into a master list (NVE-master) of non-redundant CNV-subregions, according to the presence or absence of the CNV-subregion in individuals within the cohort. Using this approach, the NVE-master list has 14,693 distinct CNV-subregions, some of which are uniquely present in a single individual and some of which are present in multiple individuals. For example, consider 3 individuals within the NVE cohort with the following hypothetical CNVs:

-   A. Chr1:100,000; -   B. Chr1:10,001-100,000; -   C. Chr1:1-89,999;

In the master list, these would be merged into 3 distinct CNV subregions, as follows:

CNV-subregion 1 Chr1: 1-10,000 Patients A, C CNV-subregion 2 Chr1: 10,001-89,999 Patients A, B, C CNV-subregion 3 Chr90,000: 1-100,000 Patients A, B

There were a total of 76,011 CNVs in the PD cohort of 468 individuals (an average of 162 CNVs per individual). Using custom scripts, these CNVs (many of which appeared in multiple individuals) were ‘merged’ into a master list (PD-master) of non-redundant CNV-subregions, according to the presence or absence of the CNV-subregion in individuals within the cohort. Using this approach, the PD-master list has 9,162 distinct CNV-subregions, some of which are uniquely present in a single individual and some of which are present in multiple individuals.

CNV-subregions of interest were obtained after:

-   1. Annotation using custom designed scripts in order to attach to     each CNV region relevant information regarding overlap with known     genes and exons; -   2. A calculation of the odds ratio (OR) for each CNV-subregion,     according to the following formula:

OR=(PD/(468−PD))/(NVE/(1005−NVE))

where: PD=number of PD individuals with CNV-subregion of interest and NVE=number of NVE individuals with CNV-subregion of interest.

An illustrative example is the CNV subregion chr14:31189082-31191639, which is found in 2 individuals in the NVE cohort and 15 individuals in the PD cohort.

The OR is: (15/(468−15))/(2/(1005−2))=16.61

By convention, if NVE=0, it is set to 1, in order to avoid dealing with infinities. This has the effect of artificially lowering OR values in cases where none are seen in the NVE.

Each of the CNV-subregions/genes fulfills one of the following criteria:

-   1. CNV-subregion overlaps a known gene (whether the exonic, intronic     part of the gene or both) and is associated with an OR of >6; -   2. CNV-subregion does not overlap a known gene (e.g., is non-genic     or intergenic) and is associated with an OR of >10; -   3. The OR associated with the sum of PD cases and the sum of NVE     cases affecting the same gene (including distinct CNV-subregions) is     >6;

It can be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the number of PD candidate CNV-subregions, irrespective category (genic or non-genic), may increase or decrease as additional PD cohorts are analyzed.

The CNV regions/subregions are relevant to a set of 15 genes, which represent rediscovery/replication of previously identified genes including: ATRNL1, C20orf26, CNTNAP2, DCC, DPP6, FGF12, FLJ33630, GADL1, LRRIQ3, MGAT4C, MTHFD1L, PLCL1, RNF144B, SENP5, snd ZC3H6.

Example 2

The study also included of a comparison of copy number variants (CNVs) identified in 2 cohorts: 1,005 Normal individuals (Normal Variation Engine—NVE) and 87 PD cases (DNA samples obtained from Coriell Institute).

Genomic DNA samples from individuals within the Normal and the PD cohorts (‘test’ subjects) were hybridized against a single, sex-matched reference individual as follows. Reference DNA samples were labeled with Cy5 and Test subject DNA samples were labeled with Cy3. After labeling, samples were combined and co-hybridized to Agilent 1M feature oligonucleotide microarrays, design ID 021529 (Agilent Product Number G4447A) using standard conditions (array Comparative Genomic Hybridization—aCGH). Post-hybridization, arrays were scanned at 2 μm resolution, using Agilent's DNA microarray scanner, generating tiff images for later analysis. Tiff images were analyzed using Agilent Feature Extraction (FE) software, with the following settings:

-   Human Genome Freeze: hg18:NCBI36:Mar2006 -   FE version: 10.7.3.1 -   Grid/design file: 021529_D_F_20091001 -   Protocol: CGH_107_Sep09

This procedure generates a variety of output files, one of which is a text-tab delimited file, containing ˜1,000,000 rows of data, each corresponding to a specific feature on the array. This *.txt file was used to perform CNV calling using DNAcopy, an open source software package implemented in R via BioConductor (http://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/DNAcopy.html). Losses or gains were determined according to a threshold log 2ratio, which was set at −/+0.35. In other words, all losses with a log 2ratio value<=−0.35 were counted, as were all gains with a log 2ratio>=+0.35. Note that all log 2ratio values were determined according to Cy3/Cy5 (Test/Reference). Thus, a negative log 2ratio value refers to a loss in the Test relative to the Reference and vice versa. A CNV list was thus generated for each individual in the 2 cohorts. All CNV lists from the 1,005 Normals were merged into one master list, containing a non-redundant list of all CNVs found in the Normal cohort (NVE-master). All CNVs from the 87 PD cases were merged into one master list, containing a non-redundant list of all CNVs found in the PD cohort (PD-master).

Direct comparisons were made between NVE-master and PD-master lists, so that only CNVs present in the PD-master AND absent in the NVE-master were classified as PD-unique (PD-unique list) and were always considered for further evaluation; CNVs present at substantially higher frequency in the PD cohort relative to the Normal cohort were sometimes considered for further evaluation (PD-specific list).

The PD-unique and PD-specific lists of CNVs were annotated using custom designed scripts in order to attach to each CNV region relevant information regarding overlap with known genes, exons, miRNA and CNVs from publicly available databases.

PD-specific and PD-unique CNVs, determined by interpretation of PD cohort CNVs against CNVs detected in 1,005 Normal genomes, are visually inspected to verify CNV calls. While the PD-unique CNVs were of most interest, in a small number of instances, visual inspection of the CGH data or detailed analysis of the CNV frequencies results in identification of CNVs that occur in one or more PD cases but only 1-3 times in the Normals and thus are statistically significant (e.g., with odds ratios of approximately 4-40)—PD-specific CNVs.

PD-specific/unique CNVs are then filtered on the number of PD cases impacted by the CNV and whether the CNV is intronic, exonic, or both. They are classified as Class A or Class B as follows:

Class A ≥ 2 PD cases CNV impacts exons, introns, or both Class B 1 PD case CNV impacts exons and gene function is neurological and/or has role in PD pathology

The statistical significance for Class A candidates is sufficient to consider them as causative of PD without consideration of gene function although such evidence is annotated as it provides another level of confidence that a PD candidate gene is causal of PD. Gene annotation is derived from four main sources:

-   1. http://genome.ucsc.edu/ -   2. Link out from the UCSC genome browser to NCBI resources: OMIM,     PubMed, AceView -   3. USPTO patent and application search     http://www.uspto.gov/patents/process/search/ -   4. General internet search

Further neurological and/or links to PD pathology can be established via pathway analysis of the genes, which may take into consideration binding interactions (e.g., via yeast 2-hybrid screen) and molecular events (e.g., kinase activity or other enzymatic processes) if such information is available for the gene(s) of interest (i.e., specified in the analysis). Both commercial (e.g., Ingenuity IGA software and GeneGo software) and open source software (e.g., Strings db) are available for such analyses. To assess connections to established PD biology, analyses can be performed for the set of candidate PD genes independently or against known causative PD genes (GBA, LRRK2, PARK2, PARK7, PINK1, SNCA, VPS35) singly or as a group. For example, such analyses identified CERK as a PD candidate gene because, while it was found in only 1 of 87 PD cases, pathway analysis revealed its link to PD causative gene GBA (GBA protein glucocerebrosidase catalyzes breakdown of glycolipidglucosylceramide to ceramide and glucose and CERK protein ceramide kinase converts ceramide into ceramide-1-phosphate, a signaling molecule). In general, PD candidate genes distributed into 5 main categories: 1) neurotrophin gene product or gene candidate impacts a neurotrophin, 2) protein misfolding, aggregation, and/or role in ubiquitin pathway, 3) linked to known causative PD gene (e.g., binding partner), 4) linked to PD pathology by function (e.g., mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, or PD phenotypes such as dopaminergic neuronal loss), and 5) other (e.g., role in other diseases with no obvious neurological biology, such as cancer) or unknown gene function (e.g., limited or no gene information presently annotated for the PD-specific gene).

Some pathway analysis software also identifies whether the candidate gene is a drug target, which may be FDA-approved or in clinical trials. Such information can assist in the design of clinical trials (e.g., patient stratification for genetic subtypes) or be used to facilitate clinical trials that are in progress, thereby reducing the attrition rate (failure to receive FDA approval) and reducing the time and cost of drug development. If a candidate PD gene is identified as a known drug target of an FDA-approved therapeutic, the drug can be repurposed and approved for use in a new indication (e.g., a cancer or anti-inflammatory agent may be beneficial to PD patients as well). Those skilled in the art will recognize that Phase II and III failures may be rescued with additional clinical trial data that accounts for genetic subtypes, particularly when the drug fails for lack of efficacy. For example, if a drug is designed or established to target a particular gene defect (e.g., use of an RNAi therapeutic to decrease aberrant overexpression of the gene that is caused by a CNV or other type of genetic variant), it is expected that only PD patients with that particular genetic subtype will benefit from the targeted therapy.

It can be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the number of PD candidate genes, whether belonging to Class A or Class B, may increase or decrease when additional PD cohorts are analyzed for CNV-specific genes. For very rare CNVs (e.g., <0.1% frequency in the general population), only a single case may be observed in a given PD cohort (e.g., 100 cases) but further statistical significance or evidence for the gene can be established by: 1) CNV analysis of additional PD cohorts, 2) CNV analysis of additional Normal cohorts, 3) targeted gene sequencing of both PD and Normal cohorts, and 4) functional characterization of the PD candidate gene (e.g., in silico analysis of the predicted impact of the candidate mutation on the gene product, RNAi knockdown experiments, biochemical assays on PD patient tissue, gene expression analysis of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) created from the PD patient(s) harboring the candidate PD-causing genetic variant).

Example 3

FIG. 1 is an example of a copy number gain occurring in three PD cases that disrupts a gene wherein a CNV-subregion overlaps a known gene, and is associated with an OR of at least 6. FIG. 1 represents an example of a CNV-subregion that overlaps a known gene, and is associated with an OR of at least 6. The CNV is a gain (log 2ratio>0.35) and affects the gene MGAT4C on chromosome 12. The calculated odds ratio (OR) for this CNV-subregion is 6.48.

In the figure, five tracks of information are shown, from top to bottom: 1) RefSeq gene annotation showing the genome location (x-axis) of genes demarcated in light gray (introns) and dark gray (exons) and with multiple entries depicted if multiple transcript variants are annotated that correspond to the gene; 2) size and genome location (x-axis) for normal CNVs annotated for greater than 1,000 unaffected/normal indivduals, with CNVs demarcated by dark gray bars and the y-axis corresponds to the number of individuals in the normal cohort found to have the CNV; 3) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a PD case with a CNV gain wherein the y-axis is the log 2ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative to the baseline (log 2 ratio=0); 4) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a PD case with a CNV gain wherein the y-axis is the log 2ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative to the baseline (log 2 ratio=0); 5) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a PD case with a CNV gain wherein the y-axis is the log 2ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative to the baseline (log 2 ratio=0).

Example 4

FIG. 2 is an example of a copy number gain occurring in two PD cases and a copy number loss occurring in one PD case that disrupts a gene with an OR associated with the sum of PD cases and the sum of NVE cases affecting the same gene, including distinct CNV-subregions, of at least 6. In the figure, four tracks of information are shown, from top to bottom: 1) RefSeq gene annotation showing the genome location (x-axis) of genes demarcated in light gray (introns) and dark gray (exons) and with multiple entries depicted if multiple transcript variants are annotated that correspond to the gene; 2) size and genome location (x-axis) for normal CNVs annotated for greater than 1,000 unaffected/normal indivduals, with CNVs demarcated by dark gray bars and the y-axis corresponds to the number of individuals in the normal cohort found to have the CNV; 3) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a PD case with a CNV gain wherein the y-axis is the log 2ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative the to baseline (log 2 ratio=0); 4) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a PD case with a CNV gain wherein the y-axis is the log 2ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative the to baseline (log 2 ratio=0); 5) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a PD case with a CNV loss wherein the y-axis is the log 2ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative the to baseline (log 2 ratio=0).

FIG. 2 represents an example of a CNV with an OR associated with the sum of PD cases and the sum of NVE cases affecting the same gene, including distinct CNV-subregions, is at least 6. The CNVs are a mixture of gains (log 2ratio>0.35) and losses (log 2ratio<−0.35) and affect the gene GADL1 on chromosome 3. The calculated odds ratio (OR) for this CNV-subregion is 6.48.

In the figure, three tracks of information are shown, from top to bottom: 1) RefSeq gene annotation showing the genome location (x-axis) of genes demarcated in light gray (introns) and dark gray (exons) and with multiple entries depicted if multiple transcript variants are annotated that correspond to the gene; 2) size and genome location (x-axis) for normal CNVs annotated for greater than 1,000 unaffected/normal indivduals, with CNVs demarcated by dark gray bars and the y-axis corresponds to the number of individuals in the normal cohort found to have the CNV; 3) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a PD case with a CNV loss wherein the y-axis is the log 2ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative to the baseline (log 2 ratio=0).

Example 5

FIG. 3 is an example of a copy number gain occurring in one PD case that disrupts the CERK gene. The gain is not found in an unaffected/normal cohort of at least 1,000 individuals. In the figure, three tracks of information are shown, from top to bottom: 1) RefSeq gene annotation showing the genome location (x-axis) of genes demarcated in light gray (introns) and dark gray (exons) and with multiple entries depicted if multiple transcript variants are annotated that correspond to the gene; 2) size and genome location (x-axis) for normal CNVs annotated for greater than 1,000 unaffected/normal indivduals, with CNVs demarcated by dark gray bars and the y-axis corresponds to the number of individuals in the normal cohort found to have the CNV; 3) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a PD case with a CNV gain wherein the y-axis is the log 2ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative the to baseline (log 2 ratio=0).

Example 6

FIG. 4 is an example of a copy number gain occurring in one PD case that disrupts the TACR3 gene and confers a gain of one or more genes that may influence PD biology. The gain is not found in an unaffected/normal cohort of at least 1,000 individuals. In the figure, four tracks of information are shown, from top to bottom: 1) RefSeq gene annotation showing the genome location (x-axis) of genes demarcated in light gray (introns) and dark gray (exons) and with multiple entries depicted if multiple transcript variants are annotated that correspond to the gene; 2) size and genome location (x-axis) for normal CNVs annotated for greater than 1,000 unaffected/normal indivduals, with CNVs demarcated by dark gray bars and the y-axis corresponds to the number of individuals in the normal cohort found to have the CNV; 3) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a PD case with a CNV loss wherein the y-axis is the log 2 ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative the to baseline (log 2 ratio=0); 4) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a second PD case with a CNV loss wherein the y-axis is the log 2 ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative the to baseline (log 2 ratio=0).

Example 7

FIG. 5 is an example of a copy number loss occurring in two PD cases that disrupts the GABRE gene. The loss is not found in an unaffected/normal cohort of at least 1,000 individuals. In the figure, four tracks of information are shown, from top to bottom: 1) RefSeq gene annotation showing the genome location (x-axis) of genes demarcated in light gray (introns) and dark gray (exons) and with multiple entries depicted if multiple transcript variants are annotated that correspond to the gene; 2) size and genome location (x-axis) for normal CNVs annotated for greater than 1,000 unaffected/normal indivduals, with CNVs demarcated by dark gray bars and the y-axis corresponds to the number of individuals in the normal cohort found to have the CNV; 3) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a PD case with a CNV loss wherein the y-axis is the log 2ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative the to baseline (log 2 ratio=0); 4) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a second PD case with a CNV loss wherein the y-axis is the log 2 ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative the to baseline (log 2 ratio=0).

Example 8

FIG. 6 is an example of two non-overlapping copy number losses, each occurring in one of two PD cases that disrupt the SEPT14 gene. The losses are not found in an unaffected/normal cohort of at least 1,000 individuals. In the figure, four tracks of information are shown, from top to bottom: 1) RefSeq gene annotation showing the genome location (x-axis) of genes demarcated in light gray (introns) and dark gray (exons) and with multiple entries depicted if multiple transcript variants are annotated that correspond to the gene; 2) size and genome location (x-axis) for normal CNVs annotated for greater than 1,000 unaffected/normal indivduals, with CNVs demarcated by dark gray bars and the y-axis corresponds to the number of individuals in the normal cohort found to have the CNV; 3) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a PD case with a CNV loss wherein the y-axis is the log 2 ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative the to baseline (log 2 ratio=0); 4) array CGH data (black dots correspond to the probes on the microarray) for a second PD case with a CNV loss wherein the y-axis is the log 2 ratio value of the test (PD case) and reference (healthy control) genomic DNAs and the x-axis corresponds to the genome location of the probes and CNVs, which are depicted as line segments shifted positively (copy number gain) or negatively (copy number loss) relative the to baseline (log 2 ratio=0).

Example 9 Description of Sequence Data

The sequence file Combined_patent_ST25.txt contains genomic sequence information for all CNVs listed in Table 1 as well as for the full genomic extent of the transcripts referred to in Table 4.

For example, row 51 of Table 1 contains information related to a CNV whose coordinates are chr 3:193371224-193374127and was discovered as a 2,903 bp gain in patient 1016. The sequence for this CNV is found in Combined_patent_ST25.txt and is referred to as SEQ ID 18 (sequence truncated for brevity):

Sequence entry starts: <210> 18 <211> 2904 <212> DNA <213> Homo sapiens <400> 18 tccatgtcct ctgttaagaa caaatgaaag gcaatgacac atagtttcta ttagectttg   60 gttacaaaga ttcatcatac aaaatcaaaa aacatgattg cctttctagc caaccttcag  120 ................................................................. tagatttagg tctgaatttt aattcatttt cttttaaaaa caaactaatt aaaataatcc 2880 caaagctttt tattattttt tttt 2904 Sequence entry ends.

For an example of a transcript sequence, consider row 9 of Table 4 which relates to the gene FGF12. There are two transcripts reported for this gene and the first of these is dealt with on row 9: NM_021032. This transcript sequence is referred to as SEQ ID 391 and appears as such in Combined_patent_ST25.txt (sequence truncated for brevity):

Sequence entry starts: <210> 391 <211> 269658 <212> DNA <213> Homo sapiens <400> 391 tgaataatct gtgctttaat ggaaaaatga aacattaatt tgtttagttt ctcatacaac     60 ................................................................. cccggagtct gggtaggggc gcggggcggg ggcagctgtt tccagctgcg gtgagagcaa 269640 ctcccggcca gcagcact 269658 Sequence entry ends. 

1-199. (canceled)
 200. A method comprising: (a) (i) hybridizing a nucleic acid probe to a polynucleic acid from a human subject by a nucleic acid hybridization or a microarray analysis, or (a) (ii) synthesizing a nucleic acid product from a polynucleic acid from a human subject by PCR or sequencing, wherein the human subject has a neurological disorder; and (b) detecting a one or more genetic variations by the nucleic acid hybridization, microarray analysis, PCR or sequencing, wherein the one or more genetic variations comprise a first genetic variation that disrupts or modulates a PLCL1 gene.
 201. The method of claim 200, wherein the neurological disorder is a movement disorder.
 202. The method of claim 200, wherein the neurological disorder is Parkinson's disease or the human subject has symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
 203. The method of claim 200, wherein the first genetic variation is a copy number variation (CNV).
 204. The method of claim 203, wherein the CNV is a loss.
 205. The method of claim 203, wherein the CNV is a loss of SEQ ID NO: 42 and the complement thereof.
 206. The method of claim 203, wherein the CNV is a loss of the 7,945 base pair sequence from position 198497294 to 198505239 in chromosome 2, and the complement thereof, wherein the chromosome positions are defined with respect to NCBI build 36/hg18.
 207. The method of claim 200, wherein the first genetic variation is in chromosome
 2. 208. The method of claim 200, wherein the nucleic acid product synthesized from the polynucleic acid is cDNA.
 209. The method of 200, wherein the polynucleic acid comprises a polynucleic acid from blood, saliva, urine, serum, tears, skin, tissue, or hair from the subject.
 210. The method of claim 200, wherein the method comprises purifying the polynucleic acid and performing a microarray analysis of the purified polynucleic acid.
 211. The method of claim 200, wherein the microarray analysis is selected from the group consisting of a Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) array analysis and an SNP array analysis.
 212. The method of claim 200, wherein the sequencing is a high-throughput sequencing method.
 213. The method of claim 200, wherein the whole genome or the exome of the subject is analyzed.
 214. The method of claim 200, wherein the first genetic variation and a second genetic variation are in a panel comprising two or more genetic variations.
 215. A method comprising administering a therapeutic agent that treats or slows the progression of one or more symptoms of parkinsonism to a human subject with parkinsonism, wherein the human subject has been identified as comprising one or more genetic variations, wherein the one or more genetic variations comprises a first genetic variation is a genetic variation in chromosome 2 that disrupts or modulates a PLCL1 gene.
 216. The method of claim 215, wherein the first genetic variation is a copy number variation (CNV).
 217. The method of claim 216, wherein the CNV is a loss.
 218. The method of claim 216, wherein the CNV is a loss of SEQ ID NO: 42 and the complement thereof.
 219. The method of claim 216, wherein the CNV is a loss of the 7,945 base pair sequence from position 198497294 to 198505239 in chromosome 2, and the complement thereof, wherein the chromosome positions are defined with respect to NCBI build 36/hg18. 